PASSAGE 1 1) Choice D Classification: Overview question Snapshot: Make sure to read "the first sentence of the passage first then the last sentence of the passage next." Sometimes the author concludes at the bottom of the passage. The major theme in this passage is that rituals are not only used by the Tsembaga society in a symbolic sense (that is, religiously, psychologically, or socially) but also in a practical or material way. Furthermore, these impacts or influences can be measured. Measurement is a key theme. Case in point: "they influence those relationships in measurable ways" (1st paragraph); "they enable cultural anthropologists to see that rituals can in fact produce measurable results in the external world" (2nd paragraph); and "newer quantitative studies permit anthropologists to analyze how ritual operates" (3rd paragraph). Choice D is a succinct rendition. The passage does not suggest that anthropologists and ecologists collaborate for best results (choice A), even though the passage does suggest that anthropologists analyze ecological factors. Choice B is incorrect because the author does not criticize the symbolic role of rituals; he or she instead extends the discussion of rituals to include regulatory functions or mechanisms. The last sentence of the first paragraph makes this point: "However, recent studies of the Tsembaga, a society of nomadic agriculturalists in New Guinea, suggest that rituals do more than give symbolic expression to the relationships between a cultural group and components of its environment …" The author does not evaluate theories of culture as indicated by choice C. His or her sole example is limited to the Tsembaga people. The authortherefore does not prove that these studies show the measurable effects of rituals on other environments (per choice E). Author's note: The T-S-P drill for this passage? The topic of this passage is "rituals of the Tsembaga people." The scope is the "symbolic and material aspects of rituals for the Tsembaga people." The purpose is "to show that the benefits of rituals for the Tsembaga people are not only symbolic (spiritual) but also material (practical), and that these benefits can be measured."
2) Choice C Classification: Inference question Snapshot: This inference question serves to introduce the "all of the following except" phraseology in Reading Comprehension. The effects of rituals on neighboring populations is not described in the second paragraph so choice C would be the most unlikely candidate for inclusion in an anthropological study in support of the author's thesis. The influence of rituals on "the Tsembaga diet" (choice A), "the number of pigs owned" (choice B), "planting and harvest cycles" (choice D), or "type and function of weapons made" (choice E), all would be likely candidates for inclusion in such a report.
3) Choice B Classification: Inference question Snapshot: This question is similar to an overview question but one which focuses on a specific subtopic within the passage. The first sentence of the second paragraph lists many ways that rituals act as regulating mechanisms. It is obvious therefore that "ritual is multifaceted and performs diverse functions." Choice A is not incorrect per se, but rather it is incomplete. The author's view that ritual does more than symbolize relationships appears in the last sentence of the first paragraph: "However, recent studies of the Tsembaga, a society of nomadic agriculturalists in New Guinea, suggest that rituals do more than give symbolic expression to the relationships between a cultural group and components of its environment; they influence those relationships in measurable ways." Choice C is essentially opposite the author's view. The choice would have been better had it read: "Rituals imbue the events of the spiritual (symbolic) world with material significance." Choice D is also opposite in meaning. According to the last sentence of the passage (it's a long one), the author implies that anthropologists are in a better position to understand a society's culture than is the society itself. In choice E, we cannot confirm or negate this answer choice based on information presented in the passage. It is not clear whether the spiritual significance of ritual is deemed greater than the material benefits of ritual or whether the material benefits of ritual are deemed greater than the spiritual benefits of ritual.
4) Choice E Classification: Explicit-detail/Inference question Snapshot: This is essentially a "vocabulary" question and one which requires some verbal interpretation. The terms "latent function" and "hidden function" are worthy substitutes. Although the author states that "the Tsembaga themselves see their rituals as pertaining less to their material relations with the ecosystem than to their spiritual relations with their ancestors," this does not mean that such ritualsdo not for them perform other essential roles. The author brings up "latent function" to suggest there is "hidden benefit" in the use of ritual for the Tsembaga; these additional benefits are practical, not symbolic. In choices A and B, the author is not pitting anthropologists and sociologists against one another, or for that matter, the study of anthropology and sociology. Nor is the author suggesting that the two sides work together as suggested by choice C. The author is also not concluding that anthropologists are more interested in the regulatory function of rituals than the psychological or symbolic importance of rituals (choice D), even though the former — regulatory functions of ritual — is the focus of this passage. Note that the use of the comparative word "more" (choices A and D) often creates out of scope answer choices.
PASSAGE 2
1) Choice D Classification: Passage Organization question Snapshot: Science passages typically exist to describe (as opposed to Social Science passages which typically exist to argue) and such passages frequently incorporate two theories, hypotheses, or explanations. The new schema is based on the distinction between Type I and Type II supernovas; the original schema is one based on the absence of hydrogen (Type I) or the presence of hydrogen (Type II). The example of the Sun is provided as support for how the classification system works. Choice D best summarizes this structure. In choice A, the schemas do not necessarily overlap. An event classified as a Type I supernova under one schema might not be classified as a Type I supernova under the other schema (and vice versa). Also, the two schemas are described but not contrasted with each other. In choice B, it is inaccurate to describe the original theory as being overturned. The new theory is very much an "extension" of the old theory rather than a "replacement." In choice C, no conclusion is offered. For example, the author does not state that Type I is "better or worse" than Type II, or that Type I is easier to use in describing or explaining the occurrence of supernovas than Type II. No reconciliation between the two different classification systems is provided per choice E. The two different systems are very much distinct and do not lend themselves to reconciliation.
2) Choice C Classification: Explicit-Detail/Inference question Snapshot: This question links two parts of the passage, namely the last paragraph with paragraphs two and three. Answer choice C describes accurately and completely the author's view in the final paragraph. The Sun is not a binary star because it doesn't have companion star orbiting it, so it can't qualify as a Type I supernova. Nor does the Sun have the size necessary to become a Type II supernova (it would have to be at least 1.4 times its own size). In choice A, there is no relationship suggested between the size of the Sun and its ability to have a white dwarf partner (per Type I). Choices B and D create unwarranted linkages between Type I and Type II supernovas. It is the white dwarf, not the Sun, which would undergo collapse and explosion as a supernova. In choice E, even if the Sun does become a red giant before becoming a white dwarf, it does not mean that it will become a supernova. It would still need another star (i.e., binary star) which it could absorb en route to becoming a Type I supernova.
3) Choice A Classification: Inference question Snapshot: This question highlights the need to avoid choosing "reversed cause-and-effect relationships" and "fabricated cause-and-effect relationships" which are the hallmarks of certain incorrect inference answer choices that appear difficult Reading Comprehension passages. Choices B, C, and D represent examples of such reversed cause-and-effect relationships. In choice B, it is the dense white dwarf that explodes as a supernova, not the companion star! Choice C suggests that a star such as the Sun must first become a white dwarf before becoming a red giant. This stands in opposition to what is suggested in the last line of the passage: that a star such as the Sun "swells into a red giant star before going into white dwarf form." Choice D is more subtle. We know that Type II supernovas release energy from neutrinos and electromagnetic radiation. However the cause-and-effect relationship is reversed. It is the collapsing of the star that causes the release of energy as neutrinos and electromagnetic radiation, subsequent to the exploding of the star as a supernova. Choice D suggests that the energy and electromagnetic radiation is what causes the star to collapse and explode. Choice A is readily inferable from the second and third sentences of the opening paragraph. Classifying Type 1 and Type 2 events based on the presence or absence of hydrogen or based on the different explosion mechanisms are not necessarily incompatible with one another. In other words, an event might be classified as a Type I supernova because it doesn't have hydrogen lines or because it explodes as a result of being a white dwarf that acquires matter from its orbiting binary star. An event might be classified as a Type II supernova because it does have hydrogen lines or because it explodes as a result of being a massive collapsing star. There is no indication from the information given in the passage that supernovas are rare events in the universe at large (choice E). For all we know, they are common in some galaxies and rare in others. It is important not to draw upon outside knowledge when answering Reading Comprehension questions.
Author's note: Per choice D, a simple example might serve to better clarify the nature of the potential overlap. Schema 1: Say, for example, we classify a good day versus a bad day by the absence or presence of rain. A good day will have the absence of rain while a bad day will have the presence of rain. Schema 2: We might also classify a good day versus a bad day based on the number of hours of sunshine received. A good day will have a substantial number of hours of sunshine while a bad day will have a minimum number of hours of sunshine. In short, between schemas 1 and 2, a good day might have the absence of rain and a substantial number of hours of sunshine. A bad day might have the presence of rain and a minimal number of hours of sunshine. As we can quickly see, a good day might be classified as a "good day" under either schema. On the contrary, a day might have a little rain and also a substantial number of hours of sunshine. In this case, it is considered a bad day under schema 1 but a good day under schema 2. Likewise, a day might have no rain and a minimal number of hours of sunshine. In this case, it is considered a good day under schema 1 but a bad day under schema 2. Here, there is no overlap between the two schemas.
4) Choice B Classification: Inference/Explicit-detail question Snapshot: This question introduces the Roman numeral question-type in Reading Comprehension. The statement represented by statement I cannot be proved or disproved from information gleamed from the passage. Although Type II stars appear bigger than Type I ("much more massive than the Sun" versus "at least 1.4 times as big as the Sun"), it is not certain which Type releases the greatest amount of overall energy.Statement II is true. To be a binary star, the Sun must have an orbiting partner. Because the Sun does not, it does not qualify as a binary star (see first sentence of second paragraph as well as the last paragraph).Statement III is false. The last line of the third paragraph clearly states: "Whereas Type I supernovas typically destroy their parent stars, Type II explosions usually leave behind the stellar core." Type II supernovas, therefore, do not result in "complete destruction of the exploding star."
Author's note: This passage did not contain an overview question. Nonetheless, it is always recommended to do a T-S-P drill, asking what is the topic, scope, and purpose of the passage. The topic is "supernovas." The scope is "Type I and Type II supernovas."
The purpose is "to describe a new schema for classifying Type I and Type II supernovas." PASSAGE 3 1) 2) 3) 4) PASSAGE 4 1) 2) 3) 4) PASSAGE 5 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) PASSAGE 6 1) 2) 3) 4) PASSAGE 7 1) 2) 3) 4) PASSAGE 8 1) 2) 3) 4) Passage 9 1) 2) 3) 4) Solution Passage 10 trough 12 Solution Passage 13 trough 15 Solution Passage 16 trough 18
