Directions for Questions 31 to 35: The passage given below is followed by a set of five questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.
The law defined property as the right to use and abuse one's own within the limits of the lawjus utendi et abutendi re sua, guatenus juris ratio patitur. A justification of the word ABUSE has been attempted, on the ground that it signifies, not senseless and immoral abuse, but only absolute domain. Vain distinction! invented as an excuse for property, and powerless against the frenzy of possession, which it neither prevents nor represses. The proprietor may, if he chooses, allow his
crops to rot under foot; sow his field with salt; milk his cows on the sand; change his vineyard into a desert, and use his vegetablegarden as a park: do these things constitute abuse, or not? In the matter of property, use and abuse are necessarily indistinguishable.
There are different kinds of property: (1). Property pure and simple, the dominant and seigniorial power over a thing; or, as they term it, NAKED PROPERTY. (2). POSSESSION. "Possession," says Duranton, "is a matter of fact, not of right." Toullier: "Property is a right, a legal power;
possession is a fact." The tenant, the farmer, the commandite', the usufructuary, are possessors; the owner who lets and lends for use, the heir who is to come into possession on the death of a usufructuary, are proprietors. If I may venture the comparison: a lover is a possessor, a husband is a proprietor.
From the distinction between possession and property arise two sorts of rights: the jus in re, the right in a thing, the right by which I may reclaim the property which I have acquired, in whatever hands I find it; and the jus ad rem, the right TO a thing, which gives me a claim to become a proprietor. Thus the right of the partners to a marriage over each other's person is the jus in re; that of two who are betrothed is only the jus ad rem. In the first, possession and property are united; the second includes only naked property. With me who, as a laborer, have a right to the possession of the products of Nature and my own industry,and who, as a proletaire, enjoy none of them,it is by virtue of the jus ad rem that I demand admittance to the jus in re.
Not only does occupation lead to equality, it prevents property. For, since every man, from the fact of his existence, has the right of occupation, and, in order to live, must have material for cultivation on which he may labor; and since, on the other hand, the number of occupants varies continually with the births and deathsit follows that the quantity of material which each laborer may claim varies with the number of occupants; consequently, that occupation is always
subordinate to population. Finally, that, in as much as possession, in right, can never remain fixed, it is impossible, in fact, that it can ever become property.
Every occupant is, then, necessarily a possessor or usufructuary,a
function which excludes proprietorship. Now, this is the right of the usufructuary: he is responsible for the thing entrusted to him; he must use it in conformity with general utility, with a view to its preservation and development; he has no power to transform it, to diminish it, or to change its nature; he cannot so divide the usufruct that another shall perform the labor while he receives the product. In a word, the usufructuary is under the supervision of society, submitted to the condition of labor and the law of equality.
Thus is annihilated the Roman definition of propertyTHE RIGHT OF USE AND ABUSEan immorality born of violence, the most monstrous pretension that the civil laws ever sanctioned. Man receives his usufruct from the hands of society, which alone is the permanent possessor.
The individual passes away, society is deathless.
What a profound disgust fills my soul while discussing such simple truths! Do we doubt these things today? Will it be necessary to again take arms for their triumph? And can force, in default of reason, alone introduce them into our laws?
All have an equal right of occupancy.
The amount occupied being measured, not by the will, but by the variable conditions of space and number, property cannot exist.
This no code has ever expressed; this no constitution can admit! These are axioms which the civil law and the law of nations deny! . . . . .
But I hear the exclamations of the partisans of another system: "Labor, labor! that is the basis of property!" Reader, do not be deceived. This new basis of property is worse than the first, and I shall soon have to ask your pardon for having demonstrated things clearer, and refuted pretensions more unjust, than any which we have yet considered.
31. What is not one of the assumptions the author makes in the fourth paragraph?
(1) The population of a particular place cannot be physically controlled to stay constant.
(2) Birth gives right to work.
(3) Every human being has the right to earn his livelihood.
(4) Population is the deciding factor when it comes to occupation.
32. What, according to the author is the meaning of usufructuary?
(1) A way of lending land that excludes or puts away the possibility of anyone being the proprietor.
(2) A manner of working the land that allows for the proprietor to sell away the land and still enjoy the fruits of it.
(3) A practice of allowing others to cultivate the land by providing that they are paying the taxes.
(4) A legal right to use property belonging to someone else provided that the property itself is not injured in any way.
33. What is the meaning of "Possession" according to Duranton?
(1) Possession is a thing that happens and not one that can be made to happen.
(2) Possession allows for usufructuaries to work on the land but they are not allowed to own it.
(3) Possession is a state in which the person works on the land till no changes occur; he has no legal rights to it.
(4) A tenant, a commandite or an usufructuary can only cultivate the land and not draw profits from it.
34. What can be the intention behind the justification of the word 'abuse' in law?
(1) It is a substitution provided for a harsh word that could have unmasked the real face of proprietorship.
(2) It is utilized to justify the exploitation of the land by the proprietor.
(3) It serves to appease the people in that it seemingly chastizes the proprietor for undertaking negative actions.
(4) It is being used to mark out the domain of the proprietor and prevent his freedom.
35. Which of the following display a correct combination of 'jus in re' and 'jus ad rem'?
(1) A death sentence and a suicide
(2) A guarrantee and a replacement
(3) A signed agreement and a promise
(4) A mutual understanding and a sole decision
Directions for Questions 36 to 38: In each of the questions, a word has been used in
sentences in five different ways. Choose the option corresponding to the sentence in which the
usage of the word is incorrect or inappropriate.
36. SECURE
(1) The speaker could not secure the goodwill of the audience.
(2) They could not secure the release of the hostages.
(3) To secure a change in German policy, you need to be very diplomatic.
(4) He was secured of the attack of Meningitis.
37. PLAY
(1) Rubina played the peacemaker at the meeting.
(2) He played down ten dollars on the horse.
(3) Let me show you how to play a joke on a friend.
(4) She played up her experience during the job interview.
38. THROW
(1) The devotees will throw all their resources into the new endeavor;
(2) She heard the news and threw a fit.
(3) It is rumored that she will throw up her campaign for mayor.
(4) He threw up his hands to catch the basket.
Directions for Questions 39 to 41: In each question, there are five sentences. Each sentence
has a pair of words that are italicized and highlighted. From the italicized and highlighted words,
select the most appropriate words (A or B) to form correct phrases that go on to create correct
sentences. The sentences are followed by options that indicate the words, which may be
selected to correctly complete the set of sentences. From the given, choose the most appropriate
one.
39. (A) She set out[A]/for[B] at dawn for town.
(B) She has set forth[A]/forward[B] her ideas.
(C) The dogs set to[A]/at[B] the fox.
(D) She had excellent character traits that set her apart[A]/aside[B].
(E) Please set in[A]/off[B] the passage with italics.
(1) ABAAB (2) BBBAA
(3) AAABA (4) AABAB
40. (A) You must put by[A]/away[B] something for bad times.
(B) Let's put this disaster on[A]/down[B] to experience.
(C) He put in[A]/on[B] a good word for me.
(D) Sarita managed to put away[A]/off[B] the creditors for another week.
(E) He put me after[A]/through[B] a lot of trouble.
(1) AAABB (2) ABABB
(3) AABAB (4) BBAAA
41. (A) Don't let on[A]/go[B] that you know me.
(B) Why don't you let upon[A]/up on[B] the poor child?
(C) They finally let me in on[A]/on in[B] their plans.
(D) "Their ancestors had been dirt poor and never saw royalty, let
only[A]/alone[B] hung around with them" Garrison Keillor.
(E) The zealots didn't let up[A]/loose[B] in their efforts.
(1) ABABA (2) ABABB
(3) BABAB (4) BBAAA
Directions for Questions 42 to 46: The passage given below is followed by a set of fivequestions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.
Carl Jung discovered that there are certain images in dreams which are seen by all dreamers, no matter where they may live or in which historical time. These images are the archetypes.
They are found also in artistic and religious manifestations from ancient times until today,especially in fairy tales.
We have the impression that these images were formed and fixed in the human psyche as the human being evolved, with time, passing through the same experiences and facing the same problems, as well as being delighted by the same happy moments. They represent the most important characteristics of human behavior and at the same time the most important ideas and facts of human life.
They didn't start appearing in our dreams as we evolved though, because they are produced by the unconscious mind in order to teach us how we can fight against the primitive side of our conscience, which is still alive inside us and tries to destroy our human side. They are images that the unconscious mind fixed in the human psyche, because they give us basic lessons about human behavior and the dangers of life.
The persona for example, is an archetype that represents the social personality of someone. It is a mask we use when we face the outside world, while the shadow is an archetype that represents the wild unknown region of the human psyche, and must be transformed to human. It is our dark, unknown side, where not only many of our defects are hidden as well as many of our capacities, since the shadow represents the content that was not tamed and developed like the
human side of our conscience, but remains in a primitive condition.
The known archetypes are many; however if we want to simplify the scientific method of dream interpretation discovered by Carl Jung, which is the only correct one, because he was really able to decipher the mysterious dream language of the unconscious mind, we can simply consider all archetypes that are personified in human form as parts of our own personality, without characterizing them specifically, according to Jung's definitions, because we don't need to care about their origin like he did. We only need to understand their meaning in dreams and how this knowledge can help us solve our problems.
As a scientist Jung cared about providing scientific proof in order to justify his statements, and this is why he gives us detailed explanations about the origin of each archetype, showing us where and when it appeared in the history of mankind.
He was really able to prove that the archetypes are part of our unconscious mind and that they have a specific meaning that can be found if we analyze the stories, paintings and dreams where they appear. We can therefore continue from this point, believing him, and stop caring about the archetype's origin.
Now we can care more about their meaning and the messages they give us in a symbolic form, understanding that each archetypical image is the reflection of the anticonscience, our primitive and wild side, or the reflection of our onesided human conscience that was not yet completely developed, even though it doesn't remain in the same animal condition like the anticonscience.
When we analyze the meaning of archetypes that are not personified, like rebirth, we understand that they are representing the psychical transformation which our psyche has to pass through in order to eliminate the primitive anticonscience, transforming it into human content.
The rebirth represents the death of the imperfect human being after the recognition of his absurdity, ignorance and selfishness, and the new life of his spirit, after his purification.
This purification is accomplished as he understands all his mistakes and changes his behavior, becoming always more sensible and sensitive.
42. What is the reason for pointing out the archetypes 'Persona' and 'Shadow' in the passage?
(1) They serve to justify a contention of the author.
(2) They are used as an analogy to confute the importance of the origin of the archetypes.
(3) They help to distinguish between two of the most important archetypes.
(4) It helps set the stage for the introduction of Jung's theories.
43. What is the structure of the passage?
(1) A theory is presented, conclusions are drawn upon it and examples are provided to augment the conclusion.
(2) A hypothesis is presented with examples and is proven to be true by quoting facts in support of it.
(3) An assumption is provided, examples are drawn and the assumption is proven to be true.
(4) A conjecture is presented, examples are provided, the conjecture is supposed to be true and conclusions are drawn based upon it.
44. What is the attitude of the author towards Carl Jung's theories?
(1) Blind faith
(2) Complete confidence
(3) Total diffidence
(4) Analytically critical
45. What is true about the relation between an archetype, the conscience and the anticonscience?
(1) Even though anticonscience and conscience are contrary to each other, they are similar in the fact that they are represented by the same archetypes in human dreams.
(2) The anticonscience is represented through the archetypes, for the primitive state of life is the dominant one in our dreams.
(3) The conscience is represented through the archetypes in order to lead man towards a better life, away from the primitive anticonscience.
(4) An archetype is the representation of the conscience or the anticonscience both of which are opposite to each other.
46. According to the author, which one of the following is true?
(1) Man is going in the right direction with evolution.
(2) The archetypes are an indicator of the character of a person.
(3) The anticonscience
is a part of the human brain that has not and will not degrade.
(4) Humans are getting better with the development of the conscience.
Directions for Questions 47 to 49: In the following paragraph, there are blanks that have to be filled in by the given options. Choose the most appropriate word as the answer.
Many have held and still hold the opinion, that there is nothing which has less in common with another, and that is so dissimilar, as civilian life is from the military. Whence it is often observed, if anyone designs to avail himself of an enlistment in the army, that he soon changes, not only his clothes, but also his customs, his habits, his voice, and in the presence of any civilian custom, he goes to pieces; for I do not believe that any man can dress in civilian clothes who wants to be quick and ready for any violence; nor can that man have civilian customs and habits, who judges those customs to be [47] and those habits not conducive to his actions; nor does it seem right to him to maintain his ordinary appearance and voice who, with his beard and cursing, wants to make other men afraid: which makes such an opinion in these times to be very true. But if they should consider the ancient institutions, they would not find matter more united, more in conformity, and which, of necessity, should be like to each other as much as these (civilian and
military); for in all the arts that are established in a society for the sake of the common good of men, all those institutions created to (make people) live in fear of the laws and of God would be in vain, if their defense had not been provided for and which, if well arranged, will maintain not only these, but also those that are not well established. And so (on the contrary), good institutions without the help of the military are not much differently [48] than the habitation of a superb and regal palace, which, even though adorned with jewels and gold, if it is not roofed over will not have anything to protect it from the rain. And, if in any other institutions of a City and of a Republic every diligence is employed in keeping men loyal, peaceful, and full of the fear of God,
it is [49] in the military; for in what man ought the country look for greater loyalty than in that man who has to promise to die for her? In whom ought there to be a greater love of peace, than in him who can only be injured by war? In whom ought there to be a greater fear of God than in him who, undergoing infinite dangers every day, has more need for His aid? If these necessities in forming the life of the soldier are well considered, they are found to be praised by those who gave the laws to the Commanders and by those who were put in charge of military training, and followed and imitated with all diligence by others.
47.
(1) downtrodden (2) effeminate
(3) larger than life (4) hyperbole
48.
(1) synchronized (2) kept
(3) arranged (4) disordered
49.
(1) hyped (2) doubled
(3) negated (4) underlined
Directions for Questions 50 to 52: In each of the following questions there are sentences that form a paragraph. Identify the sentence(s) or part(s) of sentence(s) that is/are correct in terms of grammar and usage (including spelling, punctuation and logical consistency). Then, choose the most appropriate option.
50.
(A) It is known that the Canadian and French Constitutions
(B) have a striking similarity in that they hold illegal emigrants to
(C) their countries, capable of casting a vote
(D) and the legal citizens need to register themselves.
(E) This was revealed in a successfully though hardly won case by a petitioner.
(1) Only A (2) Only B
(3) Only C (4) Only D
51.
(A) How egregious can you be
(B) is revealed in the two first
(C) stages of your life when you
(D) clearly show that to you
(E) money is more preferable than honour.
(1) A and B (2) B and C
(3) C and D (4) D and E
52.
(A) No sooner has the manager and
(B) owner started speaking
(C) when the audience began shouting.
(D) He said that they were very annoyed
(E) by their behaviour.
(1) A, B and C (2) C and D
(3) B and D (4) B and E
Directions for Questions 53 to 57: The passage given below is followed by a set of five questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.
As with any casino game, many people have tried to come up with playing systems for Baccarat. Is there a good system? Yes and no. Any system is technically good if you enjoy playing it. And no system is perfect.
Many have suggested that you should just walk up to the Baccarat table, bet on Bank, pay your commissions and go home. Having done this strategy, I can tell you that it's ridiculous. First of all, it's totally boring. Second, who says the Bank will win more during your playing session? As you may know or have guessed, Baccarat lends itself to streak system players. When you walk up to the Baccarat table there's usually a hand tracker (computerized or paper form). You'll soon find yourself noticing trends, such as the Bank has never won four consecutive hands or this shoe seems to be back and forth.
One thing I like to do is to walk up and start playing the Bank. Once I hit three wins in a row, I'll switch to the Player for a bit. When I hit three wins consecutively on the Player, I'll swap againand back and forth. Is there any thought to this strategy? No, not much. However, it's fun and it
has worked.
Another strategy is to play as you want, but pay attention to streaks. Has the Bank never won four hands consecutively this shoe? If not and it just won three, jump over to the Player. With this strategy, you're hoping that history repeats itself.
So, what are the probabilities of either side winning? It depends on the number of decks being used. Almost all shoes use 6 or 8 decks.
With an 8deck shoe, the Banker has a winning probability of 45.8% and the Player has a winning probability of 44.6%. The probability of a tie is roughly 9.5%. Should the game use a 6deck shoe, the probabilities are just about the same. In fact, the difference is extremely small. For instance, the actual winning probability on an 8deck shoe for the Banker is 45.859. Go down to a 6deck shoe and the probability only increases to 45.865.
Since we know the probability on any hand, we can conclude that the probability of the Banker winning four times consecutively is roughly 4.4%. It's this low number that makes many Baccarat playerswho
know probabilitiesto play against streaks.
If Bank/Player has won three hands consecutively, the probability of Bank/Player winning a 4th is low, therefore bet the opposite. Whatever you do, don't progressive bet. In other words, don't double up your wager after each loss (1248etc). That's a recipe for disaster.
Baccarat can be exciting, just keep things in moderation. And if you find a playing strategy boring, don't play that way. You can win at Baccarat using many methods. Pick the style that's most fun to you.
53. How does the author intend to win in the game of Baccarat?
(1) By betting on the fact that streaks happen to lower the probability of continuing progressively.
(2) By banking on the "Gambler's fallacy" which means that the longer the streak has continued, the higher the chances of its giving way.
(3) By noticing trends and betting on the least probable one.
(4) By progressively betting on the most probable outcome of the streak.
54. Why does the author say that progressive betting is a recipe for disaster?
(1) Because if you are losing and you increase the stakes you'll lose more.
(2) Because if you are on a losing streak and you increase the bet amount, it is sure that you will lose more.
(3) Because Baccarat is a game of streaks and once you start losing, you must quickly consider your bet amount.
(4) Because instead of being able to make up for your losses you might just end up losing a lot more than you thought.
55. "One hand has no bearing on the next, and is never influenced by the preceding hands. This is a simple trap that gamblers all around the world fall into at one time or another. If you were betting on the flip of a coin, and it landed heads up 9 times in a row, part of your brain will inevitably yell out to you that a tails is imminent, and it's likely that the 10th flip will land tails up. This reasoning is spurious; the chance
of the coin landing tails up on the 10th flip is exactly 50%, just as it was the first nine times. Any baccarat strategy that makes you change your bets based on previous hands is useless and should be completely disregarded. "
How does this paragraph align with the passage?
(1) The paragraph completely agrees with the passage.
(2) The paragraph partially agrees with the passage.
(3) The paragraph is not linked with the passage.
(4) The paragraph completely disagrees with the passage.
56. "So if card counting, streak or pattern spotting, and systems are all useless strategy for baccarat, what's a good one? Looking at the numbers it becomes clear that the odds are always a little better when you bet on the banker. Does this mean you should always bet on banker? In a technical sense it does, but practically it would be the most boring use of your time ever if you just sat there betting on banker all night. Pattern chasing is most often some added fun to break the
monotony that can come from a simple game. "
How does this paragraph align with the passage?
(1) The paragraph completely agrees with the passage.
(2) The paragraph partially agrees with the passage.
(3) The paragraph is not linked with the passage.
(4) The paragraph partially disagrees with the passage.
57. "Actually, the baccarat game is really simple. Besides, this game has no effective way to improve your odds and many other strategies. So, the only best strategy at Baccarat is to play the game and enjoy it. "
How does this paragraph align with the passage?
(1) The paragraph draws a valid conclusion based on the passage.
(2) The paragraph draws a conclusion based on the passage.
(3) The paragraph is not linked with the passage.
(4) The paragraph partially disagrees with the passage.
Directions for Questions 58 to 60: In each question, there are five sentences. The sentences
need to be arranged in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph. All the paragraphs when
linked together create a small passage by themselves. From the given options, choose the most
appropriate option.
58.
(A) Then you haven't studied hypnosis.
(B) You'd think that such a question as that would make trouble?
(C) Point out a hundred reasons for saying that a hippopotamus is not a table.
(D) According to our general acceptance, it would be impossible to demonstrate such a thing.
(E) You have never tried to demonstrate to a hypnotic that a table is not a hippopotamus.
(1) DBEAC (2) BADCE
(3) BAEDC (4) DEABC
59.
(A) It only seems to be a table.
(B) So how can you prove that something is not something else?
(C) Well, that's what a hippopotamus seems to be.
(D) You'll have to end up agreeing that neither is a table, a table.
(E) When neither is something else some other thing?
(1) BECDA (2) DACBE
(3) BCDEA (4) DAECB
60.
(A) This is one of the profundities that we advertised in advance.
(B) We divide all intellection: the obviously preposterous and the established.
(C) But Science is an established preposterousness.
(D) You can oppose an absurdity only with some other absurdity.
(E) There's nothing to prove.
(1) DCBAE (2) EDCBA
(3) ABCDE (4) EADCB
