Knowledge originates either in scientific, objective observation of the "real" world, or in emotional, highly
personal apprehension of values expressed as I like or approve of this. Rhetoric is not possible within this
duality. We, can however, question this duality and this involves some border crossing from the territory of
philosophy into the old world of rhetoric that turns to study the particular sites where writing takes place to
explore how writing and persuasion works. From this perspective the structure of a scientific report is not just
a matter of superficial style, but rather a complex stock of argumentative moves or commonplaces that serve
to reinforce and reproduce a view of the world that characterizes the discipline of science. In short, the
"common" topics have become, in their way, as specialized as the "special" topics (or specialized knowledge
that characterizes a particular discipline).
Knowledge is also discovered through dialectic. Knowledge is not created through the isolated self interacting
with the physical world, nor even by groups of selves attempting to achieve Platonic certainty through the
discursive testing of logical propositions or mathematical axioms. Rather, knowledge is developed communally
through the process of making an intelligible world with my fellow human being. Hence we have the
idea of an ongoing conversation with persuasion a necessary means of keeping the conversation (as a form of
social interaction) going.
But how do we influence each other through language? In 'Why Does Rhetoric Need a Theory of Reading'?
Doug Brent says:
Traditional rhetoric simply had to have faith that an audience could interpret accurately. Rhetoric is traditionally
defined as the art of using language to influence others' behaviour and belief. This implies that discourse
is a reasonably reliable means by which one person can affect another. The rhetor must know that what he
puts into his discourse will be roughly reflected in what the audience takes out. Otherwise persuasion is
meaningless, for the rhetor has no predictable influence on his audience. To do his job, the rhetor must
believe human beings act not at random, but rather for reasons that he can predict and use. This assumption,
however, has been treated simply as an assumption, an article of faith.
51. A suitable title for the passage is
(1) Ways through which knowledge is discovered.
(2) Knowledge can be discovered only through rhetoric.
(3) Rhetoric and the discovery of knowledge.
(4) Traditional Rhetoric and its assumptions.
(5) Philosophy and Rhetoric.
52. The tone of the passage is predominantly
(1) Descriptive (2) Argumentative (3) Analytical
(4) Subjective (5) Skeptical
53. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(1) The 'duality' as regards the origin of knowledge takes into account communal interactions.
(2) The effectiveness of Rhetoric as a means to discover knowledge is suspect.
(3) Persuasion is one of the factors which impede the discovery of knowledge through rhetoric.
(4) The Rhetor can influence his audience even if the audience is not interested in what he is saying.
(5) 'The rhetorical philosophy' seeks to increase universal brotherhood and universal love.
DIRECTIONS for Questions 54 to 56: The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose
the most appropriate answer to each question.
PASSAGE 2
Farmers who used "slash and burn" methods of clearing forests to grow crops thousands of years ago could
have increased carbon dioxide levels enough to change the climate, researchers claimed today.The US scientists
believe that small populations released carbon emissions as they cleared large tracts of land to produce
relatively meagre amounts of food.They were much less efficient than farmers using today's agricultural
practices because there were no constraints on land.
A study published online in the journal Quaternary Science Reviews by researchers at the University of
Virginia and the University of Maryland-Baltimore County (UMBC) said that early farmers could have cleared
five or more times as much land as they used at any one time.According to the researchers, today's population
of six billion people uses about 90% less land per person for growing food than the early farming
societies.William Ruddiman, the paper's lead author and emeritus professor of environmental sciences at the
University of Virginia, said the early farmers were likely to have cleared land by burning forests, planted crop
seeds among the dead stumps and moved on to a new area once the yields declined."They used more land for
farming because they had little incentive to maximise yield from less land, and because there was plenty of
forest to burn. They may have inadvertently altered the climate," he said.
Ruddiman first published a hypothesis five years ago suggesting people began altering the global climate
thousands of years ago, with human activity accounting for rises in carbon dioxide that began about 7,000
years ago.His theory was criticised by scientists who believe the human impact on the climate began with the
industrial revolution because earlier populations were too small to influence the level of carbon emissions in
the atmosphere.
But Ruddiman said that early farming methods, with around 10 times the amount of land per person than is
used today, could have created an impact on the climate despite the small number of people in early civilisations.
54. Which of the following would be strongly supported by Ruddiman's critics ?
(1) Land use in the past was similar to land use today and that the great population explosion of the past
centuries has increased land use proportionally.
(2) The modes of farming have become more efficient since the industrial revolution.
(3) Farmers today use lesser land per person than farmers before the industrial revolution.
(4) The proportion of carbon emitted by vehicles is much more as compared to that emitted by
agricultural practices.
(5) Farmers of the earlier ages used 10 times more land per person than the present day farmers.
55. The passage is trying to establish which of the following facts ?
A. Much smaller earlier populations used more land than the current populations and may have more
greatly affected climate than current models reflect.
B. Much smaller earlier populations burnt and cleared a lot of forest land and may have more greatly
affected climate than current models reflect.
C. Much smaller earlier populations used lesser land than the current populations and may have more
greatly affected climate than current models reflect.
(1) Only A (2) Only B (3) A and B (4) B and C (5) A, B and C
56. The author's tone in the passage is?
(1) Supportive (2) Analytical (3) Neutral (4) Expounding (5) Can't say
DIRECTIONS for Questions 57 to 59: In each question, there are five sentences or parts of sentences that
forms a paragraph. Identify the sentence(s) or part(s) of sentence(s) that is/are incorrect in terms of grammar
and usage. Then, choose the most appropriate option.
57. A. A Farewell to Arms is a very dramatic book.
B. Many scholars, such as Ray B. West, Jr., have compared its five-book structure to the traditional
English five-act play.
C. There are similarities to be drawn between the structure of the novel and tragic drama.
D. The first book, like the first act in a play, introduces the characters and the situation of the story, and
in the second book the romantic plot is developed.
E. Book III provides the climactic turning point: Frederic's desertion of his post in the army and his
decision to return to Catherine.
(1) D & E (2) A & D (3) B only (4) B, C & D (5) A, B & D
58. A. Development is a process whereby insignificant and imperceptible
B. quantitative changes lead to fundamental, qualitative changes.
C. The latter occur not gradually, but rapidly and abruptly, in the form of a leap from one state to
another.
D. A simple example from the physical world might be the heating of water: a one-degree increase in
temperature is a quantitative change,
E. but on 100 degrees there is a qualitative change-water to steam.
(1) A, C & D (2) A & D (3) C only (4) E only (5) B, C & D
59. A. The next step towards globalisation comes from an unexpected quarter–global farmlands.
B. Stung by growing food shortages, the Chinese government is encouraging
C. its agricultural firms to buy or lease farmlands in Africa
D. and South America to bolster food security back home. The new government policy comes in the
wake of higher income levels that encourage
E. spending away from staple rice diets and towards increasing consumption of meat.
(1) C & E (2) A & C (3) B, C & D (4) A only (5) None of the above
personal apprehension of values expressed as I like or approve of this. Rhetoric is not possible within this
duality. We, can however, question this duality and this involves some border crossing from the territory of
philosophy into the old world of rhetoric that turns to study the particular sites where writing takes place to
explore how writing and persuasion works. From this perspective the structure of a scientific report is not just
a matter of superficial style, but rather a complex stock of argumentative moves or commonplaces that serve
to reinforce and reproduce a view of the world that characterizes the discipline of science. In short, the
"common" topics have become, in their way, as specialized as the "special" topics (or specialized knowledge
that characterizes a particular discipline).
Knowledge is also discovered through dialectic. Knowledge is not created through the isolated self interacting
with the physical world, nor even by groups of selves attempting to achieve Platonic certainty through the
discursive testing of logical propositions or mathematical axioms. Rather, knowledge is developed communally
through the process of making an intelligible world with my fellow human being. Hence we have the
idea of an ongoing conversation with persuasion a necessary means of keeping the conversation (as a form of
social interaction) going.
But how do we influence each other through language? In 'Why Does Rhetoric Need a Theory of Reading'?
Doug Brent says:
Traditional rhetoric simply had to have faith that an audience could interpret accurately. Rhetoric is traditionally
defined as the art of using language to influence others' behaviour and belief. This implies that discourse
is a reasonably reliable means by which one person can affect another. The rhetor must know that what he
puts into his discourse will be roughly reflected in what the audience takes out. Otherwise persuasion is
meaningless, for the rhetor has no predictable influence on his audience. To do his job, the rhetor must
believe human beings act not at random, but rather for reasons that he can predict and use. This assumption,
however, has been treated simply as an assumption, an article of faith.
51. A suitable title for the passage is
(1) Ways through which knowledge is discovered.
(2) Knowledge can be discovered only through rhetoric.
(3) Rhetoric and the discovery of knowledge.
(4) Traditional Rhetoric and its assumptions.
(5) Philosophy and Rhetoric.
52. The tone of the passage is predominantly
(1) Descriptive (2) Argumentative (3) Analytical
(4) Subjective (5) Skeptical
53. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(1) The 'duality' as regards the origin of knowledge takes into account communal interactions.
(2) The effectiveness of Rhetoric as a means to discover knowledge is suspect.
(3) Persuasion is one of the factors which impede the discovery of knowledge through rhetoric.
(4) The Rhetor can influence his audience even if the audience is not interested in what he is saying.
(5) 'The rhetorical philosophy' seeks to increase universal brotherhood and universal love.
DIRECTIONS for Questions 54 to 56: The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose
the most appropriate answer to each question.
PASSAGE 2
Farmers who used "slash and burn" methods of clearing forests to grow crops thousands of years ago could
have increased carbon dioxide levels enough to change the climate, researchers claimed today.The US scientists
believe that small populations released carbon emissions as they cleared large tracts of land to produce
relatively meagre amounts of food.They were much less efficient than farmers using today's agricultural
practices because there were no constraints on land.
A study published online in the journal Quaternary Science Reviews by researchers at the University of
Virginia and the University of Maryland-Baltimore County (UMBC) said that early farmers could have cleared
five or more times as much land as they used at any one time.According to the researchers, today's population
of six billion people uses about 90% less land per person for growing food than the early farming
societies.William Ruddiman, the paper's lead author and emeritus professor of environmental sciences at the
University of Virginia, said the early farmers were likely to have cleared land by burning forests, planted crop
seeds among the dead stumps and moved on to a new area once the yields declined."They used more land for
farming because they had little incentive to maximise yield from less land, and because there was plenty of
forest to burn. They may have inadvertently altered the climate," he said.
Ruddiman first published a hypothesis five years ago suggesting people began altering the global climate
thousands of years ago, with human activity accounting for rises in carbon dioxide that began about 7,000
years ago.His theory was criticised by scientists who believe the human impact on the climate began with the
industrial revolution because earlier populations were too small to influence the level of carbon emissions in
the atmosphere.
But Ruddiman said that early farming methods, with around 10 times the amount of land per person than is
used today, could have created an impact on the climate despite the small number of people in early civilisations.
54. Which of the following would be strongly supported by Ruddiman's critics ?
(1) Land use in the past was similar to land use today and that the great population explosion of the past
centuries has increased land use proportionally.
(2) The modes of farming have become more efficient since the industrial revolution.
(3) Farmers today use lesser land per person than farmers before the industrial revolution.
(4) The proportion of carbon emitted by vehicles is much more as compared to that emitted by
agricultural practices.
(5) Farmers of the earlier ages used 10 times more land per person than the present day farmers.
55. The passage is trying to establish which of the following facts ?
A. Much smaller earlier populations used more land than the current populations and may have more
greatly affected climate than current models reflect.
B. Much smaller earlier populations burnt and cleared a lot of forest land and may have more greatly
affected climate than current models reflect.
C. Much smaller earlier populations used lesser land than the current populations and may have more
greatly affected climate than current models reflect.
(1) Only A (2) Only B (3) A and B (4) B and C (5) A, B and C
56. The author's tone in the passage is?
(1) Supportive (2) Analytical (3) Neutral (4) Expounding (5) Can't say
DIRECTIONS for Questions 57 to 59: In each question, there are five sentences or parts of sentences that
forms a paragraph. Identify the sentence(s) or part(s) of sentence(s) that is/are incorrect in terms of grammar
and usage. Then, choose the most appropriate option.
57. A. A Farewell to Arms is a very dramatic book.
B. Many scholars, such as Ray B. West, Jr., have compared its five-book structure to the traditional
English five-act play.
C. There are similarities to be drawn between the structure of the novel and tragic drama.
D. The first book, like the first act in a play, introduces the characters and the situation of the story, and
in the second book the romantic plot is developed.
E. Book III provides the climactic turning point: Frederic's desertion of his post in the army and his
decision to return to Catherine.
(1) D & E (2) A & D (3) B only (4) B, C & D (5) A, B & D
58. A. Development is a process whereby insignificant and imperceptible
B. quantitative changes lead to fundamental, qualitative changes.
C. The latter occur not gradually, but rapidly and abruptly, in the form of a leap from one state to
another.
D. A simple example from the physical world might be the heating of water: a one-degree increase in
temperature is a quantitative change,
E. but on 100 degrees there is a qualitative change-water to steam.
(1) A, C & D (2) A & D (3) C only (4) E only (5) B, C & D
59. A. The next step towards globalisation comes from an unexpected quarter–global farmlands.
B. Stung by growing food shortages, the Chinese government is encouraging
C. its agricultural firms to buy or lease farmlands in Africa
D. and South America to bolster food security back home. The new government policy comes in the
wake of higher income levels that encourage
E. spending away from staple rice diets and towards increasing consumption of meat.
(1) C & E (2) A & C (3) B, C & D (4) A only (5) None of the above
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