1622 -

https://www.facebook.com/events/1025656420809697/

The following question presents four statements, of which three, when
placed in appropriate order, would form a contextually complete
paragraph. Pick the statement that is not part of the context.


1.
a)
Tides ebb and flow but mean sea levels are among the constants of
climate science.
b)
The rise is caused by thermal expansion (hot water expands) and by
melting ice sheets.
c)
It was not until the spread of satellite observations in the 1990s
that measurement of sea levels became reliable and global.
d)
Though things like the recent slowdown in the rise of average surface
temperatures are puzzling, scientists can at least point to higher sea
levels as clear evidence that climate change is real.

The sentences given in the following questions, when properly
sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Figure out the most logical
order of sentences that constructs a coherent paragraph and enter that
sequence in the input box given below the question. For example, if
you think that (A)(B)(C)(D)(E) is the most logical order of sentences
that constructs a coherent paragraph, then enter ABCDE in the input
box.


2.(A) "To be, or not to be," he begins his musings; that is, indeed, a
central question for him, since he sees little benefit in continuing
to live in a world where injustice reigns.

(B) He invents various devices to help illuminate the truth, such as
his elaborate arrangement for a dumb show that will re-create the
murder of his father in the presence of his uncle Claudius to try to
make the king reveal his guilt.

(C) Many critics have observed that Hamlet is really too sensitive to
effect the revenge that he intends.

(D) Nevertheless, he decides to act to avenge his father's murder –
once he is certain he knows who has been involved in the plot to kill
him – and spends a good portion of his time trying to sort appearance
from reality.

(E) He is by nature melancholic, possessing a fatalistic disposition
that borders on the suicidal and his most famous soliloquy focuses on
the virtue of ending his life.

Four alternative summaries are given below the text. Which of the
options best captures the essence of the text?


3.In 2006, three Indian fishermen, in a drunken sleep aboard their
little boat, drifted over the reef bordering the Andamans and fetched
up on the shore in the southeast part of South Andaman Island. They
were promptly killed by the inhabitants, the Jarawa tribes. Their
bodies were kept on display for a while: the helicopter that went to
collect them was driven away by a hail of arrows and spears. The
Jarawa tribe does not welcome trespassers. In an attempt at contacting
the Jarawa, "Contact Expeditions" were embarked upon by the Indian
authorities in Port Blair. These consisted of a series of planned
visits which would progressively leave "gifts", such as coconuts, on
the shores, in an attempt to coax the Jarawa from their hostile
reception of outsiders. Only very occasionally have the Jarawa been
lured down to the beach of their tiny island by these gifts of
coconuts and only once or twice without sending a shower of arrows in
return.
a)
The Jarawa who inhabit the South Andaman Island, are the only
hunter-gatherers who still shun interactions with outsiders. They are
noted for vigorously maintaining their independence and sovereignty
over the island, and actively discourage incursions and attempts at
contact.
b)
By their long standing separation from any other human society, the
tribal people are among the most isolated and unassimilated peoples on
Earth. Only once or twice have they accepted gifts from civilized
people without causing harm to the latter. In 2006 they killed three
Indian fishermen because the latter entered their territory by
mistake.
c)
The Jarawa are actively hostile to unknown intruders and resist any
attempts of contact by outsiders. In 2006, they killed three Indian
fishermen who entered the island by mistake and also attacked the
helicopter that was sent to retrieve their bodies.
d)
Violence is much more pervasive among hunter-gatherers like the Jarawa
than among civilized people. The Jarawa do not allow civilized people
to enter their island and are extremely averse to taking gifts from
the latter. The killing of the three Indian fishermen by the tribal
people along the coast of the Jarawa Island in 2006 proves this.


The sentences given in the following questions, when properly
sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Figure out the most logical
order of sentences that constructs a coherent paragraph and enter that
sequence in the input box given below the question. For example, if
you think that (A)(B)(C)(D)(E) is the most logical order of sentences
that constructs a coherent paragraph, then enter ABCDE in the input
box.


4.(A) Nor do they lie in science, technology, or legitimate demands
for social change.

(B) Millions sense the pathology of "future-shock" that pervades the
air, but fail to understand its roots.

(C) They are traceable, instead, to the uncontrolled, non-selective
nature of our lunge into the future.

(D) These roots lie not in this or that political doctrine, still less
in some mystical core of despair or isolation presumed to inhere in
the "human condition."

(E) They lie in our failure to direct, consciously and imaginatively,
the advance toward super-industrialism.


Read the following paragraph and answer the question given below it.


5.The origin of the hospitality industry is not exactly known. Some
accounts suggest that it was born in the Middle East in Sumaria, which
is none other than modern day Iraq. With the development of commerce
and industry and with an increasing understanding of languages and
development of currencies to handle commerce, people began to travel
for business and this brought about the need for places for boarding
and lodging. Information found on the Rosetta stone suggests that inns
were found in Egypt as early as 1500 B.C.


Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?
a)
Economic growth inevitably led to the development of the hospitality industry.
b)
Trade and business in ancient Egypt were probably developed.
c)
Inns and rest houses were found in Egypt.
d)
Very few sources of the hospitality industry have been found and
therefore its origin cannot be ascertained.



he following question presents four statements, of which three, when
placed in appropriate order, would form a contextually complete
paragraph. Pick the statement that is not part of the context.


6.
a)
Such weaponization has been accomplished in the past by at least five
state bioweapons programs − those of the United Kingdom, Japan, the
United States, Russia, and Iraq − and has been attempted by several
others.
b)
When anthrax spores are inhaled or ingested, or when they come into
contact with a skin lesion on a host, they may become reactivated and
multiply rapidly.
c)
The body of an animal that had active anthrax at the time of death can
also be a source of anthrax spores.
d)
Owing to the hardiness of anthrax spores, and their ease of production
in vitro, they are extraordinarily well suited to use (in powdered and
aerosol form) as biological weapons.


our alternative summaries are given below the text. Which of the
options best captures the essence of the text?


7.Strategic change requires transformational skills; the ability to
shape a vision of the future, mobilize employees behind the vision and
guide the company's different systems towards achievement of the
vision. A large body of evidence suggests that to fully involve
employees is the surest way to produce a more mobilized workforce, one
willing to abandon established fiefdoms and hard won perks in the
pursuit of their firms' effectiveness. In contrast, isolation from
decision making tends to breed emotional hostility and resistance, and
sometimes, active sabotage. Both action and inaction by managers take
on symbolic meaning and shape lower-level employees' interpretations
about key events. Managers successful at carrying out strategic change
point to the significance of active participation, coalition building
and up-front communication.
a)
Strategic change means transformation. Transformation can be
successful only if managers mobilize and motivate the workforce, which
in turn is possible only if the employees are fully involved in the
achievement of the organizations vision.
b)
Communication is the most important aspect of transformation,
especially communication between managers and workers. Workers not
involved in the decision making process tend to be hostile and resist
any transformation.
c)
Successful transformation managers are those who involve their team in
all decisions.
d)
Workers tend to become discontented and unproductive in the face of
rapid change; managers need to counsel them and spend more time
explaining the need for change. Otherwise the workers may resort to
hostile measures.

The sentences given in the following questions, when properly
sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Figure out the most logical
order of sentences that constructs a coherent paragraph and enter that
sequence in the input box given below the question. For example, if
you think that (A)(B)(C)(D)(E) is the most logical order of sentences
that constructs a coherent paragraph, then enter ABCDE in the input
box.


8.(A) Having inherited a virtually bankrupt state from previous
reigns, her frugal policies restored fiscal responsibility.

(B) Economically, Sir Thomas Gresham's founding of the Royal Exchange
(1565), the first stock exchange in England and one of the earliest in
Europe, proved to be a development of the first importance, for the
economic development of England and soon for the world as a whole.

(C) It can be said that Queen Elizabeth provided the country with a
long period of general if not total peace and generally increasing
prosperity.

(D) Her fiscal restraint cleared the regime of debt by 1574, and ten
years later the Crown enjoyed a surplus of £300,000.

(E) With taxes lower than other European countries of the period, the
economy expanded; though the wealth was distributed with wild
unevenness, there was clearly more wealth to go around at the end of
Elizabeth's reign than at the beginning.

In each of the following questions, there are sentences or fragments
of sentences that form a paragraph. Identify the sentence(s) or
fragments of sentence(s) that is/are correct in terms of grammar and
usage, including spelling, punctuation and logical consistency, and
enter the letters corresponding to the sentence(s) or fragments of
sentence(s) in the input box provided below the question. You must
enter your answer in alphabetical order. For example, if you think
that statements (D) and (E) are correct, then enter DE (but not ED) in
the input box.


9.(A) Typically, when a well-established automaker designs and builds
an inexpensive car,

(B) the company's thinking is biased with decades of practices and
procedures, and by its relationships with employees, customers, and
suppliers.

(C) In essence these companies start with a more expensive car and
focus on ways to make it cheaper.

(D) That may count as a form for cost cutting, but it is not frugal engineering.

(E) By contrast, when Tata Motors engineers began creating the Nano,
they were inspired by the three-wheeled vehicles known in India as
auto-rickshaws than by any existing car models in Tata Motors' lineup.


The sentences given in the following questions, when properly
sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Figure out the most logical
order of sentences that constructs a coherent paragraph and enter that
sequence in the input box given below the question. For example, if
you think that (A)(B)(C)(D)(E) is the most logical order of sentences
that constructs a coherent paragraph, then enter ABCDE in the input
box.


10.(A) But what about the social, mental and emotional differences?

(B) Synergy creates a new script for the next generation – one that is
more geared to service and contribution, and is less protective,
adversCalibri, selfish, defensive, political and judgemental; but more
open, trusting, giving, loving and caring.

(C) Could these differences not also be sources of creating new,
exciting forms of life – creating an environment that is truly
fulfilling for each person, that nurtures the self-esteem and
self-worth of each, that creates opportunities for each to mature into
independence?

(D) We obviously value the physical differences between men and women,
husbands and wives.

(E) The very way that a man and a woman bring a child into the world
is synergistic.

In each of the following questions, there are sentences or fragments
of sentences that form a paragraph. Identify the sentence(s) or
fragments of sentence(s) that is/are correct in terms of grammar and
usage, including spelling, punctuation and logical consistency, and
enter the letters corresponding to the sentence(s) or fragments of
sentence(s) in the input box provided below the question. You must
enter your answer in alphabetical order. For example, if you think
that statements (D) and (E) are correct, then enter DE (but not ED) in
the input box.


11.(A) As Robert Harrison sees it, the average citizen of the
developed world today enjoys the luxury of remaining childish innocent

(B) with respect to the instruments that he or she operates, consumes
and depends on daily otherwise.

(C) "I feel ambivalent about where we are culturally in this age of ours.

(D) It is hard to say if we are on the cusp for a wholesale
rejuvenation of human culture

(E) or whether we are tumbling into dangerous and irresponsible juvenility."

Read the following paragraph and answer the question given below it.


12.Today a producer does not really have to rely on the movie theatre
response to a film. He can also make his money from all other avenues
for projection that new technologies are throwing up almost everyday.


Which is a valid assumption behind this argument?
a)
Nowadays film producers make their foray into the industry with a lot
of money; movies create a lot of hype before they are actually
released and so they get good initial openings.
b)
Films are made on a low budget, so the producers have to incur little
or no loss if they do not run successfully.
c)
Whether or not a film will be remunerative is important to producers.
d)
With the film audiences getting fragmented, it is now very difficult
to register their response to a particular film.

Read the following paragraph and answer the question given below it.


13.The martyrs who laid down their lives for the freedom of the
country, had a lofty vision of the future. They wanted the nation to
be free from all the slavery and bondage. They wanted an India in
which all the communities would live in perfect harmony and in which
there would be no high class and no low class of people, the curse of
untouchability having been wiped out completely. Women would enjoy
equal rights with men and contribute their fullest to the making of a
great nation. Such a vision was in keeping with the ancient glory of
the country renowned for its splendid achievements in literature, art
and culture. We must now revitalise this ancient culture of ours with
tolerance as its masthead. lf we forget or cease to take pride in our
noble heritage, we shall have to face severe indictment in the court
of history which is a ruthless judge and seldom spares the erring
people.


The martyrs wanted
a)
the country to be the strongest nation in the world.
b)
the country to be free from class denominations and thralldom.
c)
the country to rule over the other nations.
d)
the people to give up their antiquated customs.






The term "society" is used to describe a bond or interaction between
friendly or civil parties. It can also refer to the entirety of
humanity ("society at large"), although those who are unfriendly or
uncivil to the remainder of society may be termed "antisocial".

What constitutes a civil society varies from culture to culture. A
civil society can be defined by one culture in terms of the results
produced. Another definition may focus on the preconditions for civil
society. A third culture may describe it as a desirable state for all
society. And a fourth may emphasize the composition of civil society −
who is and is not included. Another consideration in discussing civil
society is the cultural context. What are considered essential
elements for a civil society in one culture may not be essential
elements in another culture.

One should determine what local citizens consider key elements of a
civil society. These elements should promote an active, inclusive, and
diversified public participation process. The three sectors of society
(government sector, for-profit/private business sector, and the third
sector which consists of nongovernmental organizations) need to share
responsibilities to ensure public participation. Each sector has
strengths and weaknesses in providing what citizens need. The business
sector most effectively delivers goods. The government sector drafts
and enforces laws, and defends the country's borders. NGOs provide
services that the business and government sectors are unwilling to
provide, and they provide a venue for citizens to come together and be
heard on important issues. For a society to achieve its full potential
and for citizens to fulfill their goals, all three sectors must
cooperate with one another. Effective partnerships between NGOs and/or
businesses and government require concerted efforts to become and
remain accountable, transparent, and inclusive. Continuous public
participation throughout the process of design, implementation, and
evaluation of projects legitimizes decisions and enriches outcomes.
All individuals have the right to be part of the decisions influencing
their quality of life. Special efforts should be made to include
women, indigenous people, youth, and marginalized groups, such as
racial and ethnic minorities. Being inclusive is fundamental to
achieving longterm, equitable and sustainable solutions.

Transparency ensures all motives are apparent and reliable information
vital to a decision is presented. Cooperation among national,
regional, and local government authorities and NGOs is essential for
effective coordination of public participation. It is not sufficient
to have cooperation at only one or two levels. Openness to informal
and formal routes of communication broadens the scope of public
participation.

In a developing civil society, an ever-increasing number of people are
involved in all types of activities and decisions. These citizens come
from all the different parts of the society and represent its
diversity. Each country, including the United States, is at a
different place on the continuum of a "developed" civil society. None
is a society in which all citizens participate on a regular basis.
NGOs strengthen the fabric of civil societies in still-fragile,
emerging democracies. They are essential partners for governments, the
private sector, and development organizations in meeting people's
needs. NGOs are an expression of people's belief that through their
own initiative, they can better fulfill their potential by working
together, and reduce the opportunity gap that exists between the
advantaged and disadvantaged in society.

NGOs promote pluralism, diversity, and tolerance in society while
protecting and strengthening cultural, ethnic, religious, linguistic,
and other identities. They advance science; develop art; protect the
environment; and support all activities that make a vibrant civil
society. They motivate citizens in all aspects of society to act,
rather than depend on state power and beneficence. NGOs create an
alternative to centralized state agencies and provide services with
greater independence and flexibility.



14. What does 'they' refer to in the concluding sentence of the
penultimate paragraph (..... they can better fulfill their
potential.....)?
a)
Government and private sector
b)
The public
c)
NGOs
d)
Foreign citizens


15. All of the following statements are true, as understood from the
passage, EXCEPT ......... (?)
a)
The definition of a civil society varies from culture to culture and
cultural context is one of the elements included in the definition of
civil society.
b)
The responsibility of ensuring public participation rests with all the
three sectors of society.
c)
The scope of public participation can be broadened by inclusion,
openness in communication, transparency and cooperation and the public
participation process in turn affects the justice and fairness in
civil societies.
d)
Diversity is not obligatory in a developing civil society.


16. According to the passage, which of the statements is true about NGOs?
a)
They make people dependent on state power and centralized state agencies.
b)
They widen the opportunity gap that exists between the advantaged and
disadvantaged in society.
c)
They strengthen the form and organization of civil societies in
emerging democracies.
d)
They are a threat to economic and political stability in emerging democracies.


17. The style of the passage is
a)
Descriptive
b)
Narrative
c)
Analytical
d)
Abstruse





In eukaryotic cells, small molecules diffuse to where they are needed.
Large intracellular components like vesicles and mitochondria are too
large to diffuse to their destinations. Motor engines help transport
cargo like chromosomes, membranes, proteins, axons within cells. These
engines powering the cell's freight are three families of proteins −
kinesin, dynein and myosin. Progress has been made in understanding
the role of kinesin motors in cell division, cell motility, and
intracellular trafficking.

"The kinesin motors are the world's smallest moving machines, the
smallest proteins," said Howard Hughes Medical Institute investigator
Ronald Vale of the University of California, San Francisco. "It's
exciting to understand how these compact machines have evolved that
ability to generate motion." The kinesin protein links with another
kinesin to form a two-molecule ferry that moves cellular freight along
tram tracks composed of infinitesimal filaments called microtubules
that criss-cross the cell's interior, hydrolysing one molecule of
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) at each step. Kinesins walk towards the
plus end of a microtubule transporting cargo from the cell's centre
towards the periphery (anterograde transport). Dyneins move towards
the minus end of the microtubule, transporting cargo from the
periphery towards the centre (retrograde transport).

The researchers' analyses showed that a tiny piece of the kinesin
protein dubbed the "neck linker" abruptly stiffens like velcro;
zipping up when the energy molecule ATP attaches to kinesin. This
stiffening throws the neck linker forward and provides the mechanical
force that puts the kinesin molecule in motion along microtubule
tracks. The discovery that motion is generated by the neck linker,
composed of 15 amino acids, helped scientists understand how two
linked kinesin molecules coordinate their movement along the
microtubule.

To begin their experiments, Vale and his colleagues created kinesin
molecules that included specific attachment points for various marker
molecules that would help reveal how the neck linker moves. To obtain
"snapshots" of the marker-carrying molecules at specific stages, they
treated kinesins with altered versions of ATP, called analogues, that
"froze" the kinesins at various stages of activity.

The linked kinesins take step after step along the microtubule by
coordinating the cycling of ATP molecules, first onto one kinesin,
then onto its partnerwith the ATPs alternately attaching, releasing
their energy, and detaching as spent products. When the scientists
attached a gold particle to the neck linker and used electron
microscopy to obtain images of the kinesin at different stages, the
images revealed that in absence of ATP analogues, the linker neck
could pivot either forward or backward, but the binding of an ATP
analogue locked the protein piece in the forward position. After the
kinesin released the ATP analogue, however, the neck linker again
became mobile. "The kinesin motor walks along the microtubule much
like a person walks along steppingstones across a pond," said Vale.
"Just as a person has to step from stone to stone, there are only
certain points where kinesin molecules can attach to a microtubule.
Basically, the neck linker zippers up and throws its rearward partner
forward to the next attachment site, like swinging the rear leg
forward to the next stepping stone."

"We also studied two kinesin mutant molecules stuck at the ATP-binding
step," Vale continued. "However, one of these mutants can take a
single step along the microtubule, and the other one can't. We
predicted that if the neck linker motion was actually necessary for
kinesin to take a step, then we should see motion in the mutant that
can take a step, but not in the one that can't. That's what we saw
clearly."

"Humans have 50 different kinds of kinesin motors, and understanding
how they work might help in selectively inhibiting those involved in
chromosome segregation in mitosis," said Vale. "Since cancer cells are
constantly dividing, such inhibitors might have applications as cancer
chemotherapeutic agents. Certain neurodegenerative diseases might
result from kinesin-related deficiencies in transport and a therapy
that stimulates the transport system might be effective in treatment."



18. The primary purpose of the passage is to
a)
describe events leading to a discovery.
b)
evaluate a research study.
c)
decipher the cause of a process.
d)
report new research findings.

19. The analogy "The kinesin motor walks along the microtubule much
like a person walks along steppingstones across a pond", given by the
author in para 5 is used to explain
a)
how ATP binding and hydrolysis cause kinesin to travel along the
micotubule via a seesaw mechanism about a pivot point.
b)
the freezing of the neck linker which provides a bridge for the ATP
molecule to attach to the kinesin.
c)
the stiffening of the neck linker.
d)
how the ATP molecule attaches to the kinesin protein.


20. All of the following can be understood from the passage EXCEPT?
a)
Understanding how kinesin motors work could lead to medical therapies
that either inhibit or stimulate kinesin activity.
b)
In retrograde transport, the minus end of the microtubule transports
cargo from the periphery of the cell towards the centre.
c)
In the passage, kinesin is compared to an engine, a ferry and a person
walking. Microtubules are likened to stepping stones and tram tracks.
d)
A critical experiment using mutant kinesin molecules showed that neck
linker motion was necessary for kinesin movement along the
microtubule.


21. Which of the following statement(s) follow from the passage?
(A) Kinesins are a family of molecular motors that use the energy of
ATP hydrolysis to move along the surface of microtubule filaments.

(B) Howard Hughes is a scientist.

(C) The 'two-molecule ferry' is a kinesin construction.

(D) Myosin and kinesin are unrelated.

(E) Kinesin motility has been understood to be driven by the
coordinated forward extension of the neck linker in one part and the
rearward positioning of the neck linker in the other.


Identify all that apply and enter the corresponding letters in the
input box given below. You must enter your answer in alphabetical
order. For example, if you think (A) and (B) apply, then enter AB (but
not BA) in the input box.




Kaname Akamatsu's flying geese paradigm (FGP) or "wild geese" theory,
propounded in the 1960s, is a model for international division of
labor in East Asia based on dynamic comparative advantage and explains
the growth experience of Japan, South Korea and other Far East Asian
miracle economies. The paradigm postulated that Asian nations will
catch up with the West as a part of a regional hierarchy where the
production of commoditized goods would continuously move from more
advanced countries to less advanced ones.

The main driver in the model is the "leader's imperative for internal
restructuring" due to increasing labor costs. As comparative
advantages (on a global scale) of the "lead goose" causes it to shift
further and further away from labor-intensive production to more
capital-and knowledge-intensive activities it sheds its
low-productivity production to nations further down in the hierarchy
or formation in a pattern that then reproduces itself between the
countries in the lower tiers. The FGP has proved to be a useful tool
when describing the regional production patterns in East Asia as
industries such as the textile industry had left not only Japan, the
most advanced East Asian nation in the 1960s, but also, at a later
point, South Korea and Taiwan etc. These second tier nations had
firmly established themselves in the automotive industry and were
beginning to shift to the even more advanced production of
microcomputers and the like by the 1980s.

Akamatsu's "wild geese" theory divides economic development into three
phases. The process begins with the import of new products in response
to a growing domestic demand and the impulses generated for their
domestic production. Thus, import substitution takes place through
replacing imported items with domestic substitutes.

Stage one is defined as the period in which domestic production equals
domestic consumption. Over time domestic costs tend to decline through
economies of scale as well as import of technology within the
framework of a protected market. Stage two is marked by a commencement
of exports with the domestic cost structure reaching international
levels. Thus domestic production becomes larger than domestic
consumption. Stage three envisages a slow down in export expansion
with a rise in the cost of the domestic factors of production like
labour as well as the operation of the 'catching up cycle' in other
developing countries.

The experiences of Japan and South Korea provide interesting examples.
Historically speaking, Japan could not have been described as a
developing country prior to World War II. After the war, however, its
economy was in a shambles and the development process had to commence
afresh. With financial help from the US and the dissolution of the
Zaibatsu, a number of new businesses began to take root. The national
goal, which reflected the aspirations of most Japanese, was to become
an economic superpower. Japan proceeded to do this not on the strength
of domestic consumption, which was low on account of a paucity of
incomes but on the basis of accessing international markets. Japanese
ingenuity lay not in copying foreign goods but in analysing them
component-by-component and producing something better and cheaper.
Their burgeoning export surpluses helped in creating an increasingly
prosperous middle class, which also maintained a significantly high
saving rate. Its economic development was vigorously export-driven.

South Korea is a striking example of Akamatsu's 'catching up cycle'.
Korea, like Japan, was war-shattered in 1950 with the difference that
it was a poorly developed country before the war. It commenced its
recovery by addressing the export market in consumer goods like shoes,
garments and sportsware. Soon it began an aggressive drive to develop
complex industries like ship building, steel and electronics.

Development impulses along these lines created the Asian Tigers, which
besides Japan and South Korea included Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore,
Malaysia and Thailand. Despite many differences in their political
philosophies they shared a similar approach to economic development,
viz., high domestic savings and an accent on exports.



22. Which of the following choices best summarizes the characteristics
of the three stages of Akamatsu's "wild geese" theory of economic
development, as presented in para 4?
a)
One can follow in the Asian Tigers' trail through the sequential
development of imports (first stage), which leads to domestic
production (second stage) and then to exports (third stage).
b)
Domestic costs tend to decline (first stage), domestic cost structure
reaches international levels through exports (second stage), cost of
the domestic factors of production increases and export expansion
slows down (third stage).
c)
Domestic production equals domestic consumption (first stage),
domestic production becomes larger than domestic consumption (second
stage), domestic production ceases (third stage).
d)
Both B and C.


23. According to the passage, which of the following statements is
definitely false?
a)
Regarding the internal order of nations within the model, Akamatsu
would not consider the relative positions to be fixed as it would
otherwise be difficult for a nation to shift from one tier to another.
b)
Nations which are focussed on reducing their imports stand to benefit
and an export oriented production is an advantage for an economy.
c)
The country in the rear guard in the formation sheds its production to
the "lead goose" and moves away from labor-intensive production to
more capital-and knowledge-intensive activities.
d)
Concentrating one's energy only on the domestic market is not likely
to lead to "wild geese" type of development.


24. In the context of the passage, the idea behind the term "wild
geese" is best encapsulated in one of the following statements.
Identify that statement.
a)
Undomesticated nature of nations that build strong economies from
scratch in a "big push" approach fighting against all odds.
b)
A gaggle of 25 geese achieving a 70 percent-range energy saving over a
bird flying solo thanks to benefits like "wingtip vortex" and
"upcurrent speed enhancement" mutually created by flying together.
c)
A top down model of heirarchy with commands always coming from the top tier.
d)
The transition in economies in a region, from underdeveloped to
developing to developed, is not so much from the push of the economies
themselves, as from the pull of the leader.


25. One may infer from the passage that "Zaibatsu" (mentioned in para
5) most probably refers to ____________________ and in Kaname
Akatmatsu's theory, the impetus for growth, in Japan, clearly came
from ___________________.
a)
an economic group . . . export
b)
the head of state . . . recycling of goods and product upgrading
c)
Japanese markets . . . domestic production
d)
ladder of economic development . . . import substitution





Are successful entrepreneurial concepts the product of nature or of
nurture? Do they spring unformed from the minds of inventors, or are
they carefully cultivated adaptations of preexisting notions? Before
we answer this question, one has to ask whether there is a difference
between innovation and invention. Previously, innovation was often
equated with invention because consonant with the etymological origin
of the word, "innovation" implied the creation of something new.
However, today invention is considered the first occurrence of an idea
for a new product or process. Innovation is anything but invention:
innovators offer deliverables because their focus is on taking
something already known and improving it.

David Edwards, biomedical engineering professor at Harvard University,
is a proponent of inventiveness: development of new ideas that respond
to new conditions and that may or may not become profit generators.
The potential to advance the human race is what should come first in
any venture--and if one can do that, then a big payoff is likely not
far behind. Politically, environmentally, socially--the world is
changing at a rapid clip and the key to adapting quickly is invention.

The ability to innovate and translate an idea into a commercial
success is a special skill indeed, but it's far more consequential to
come up with an idea that redraws the very boundaries of what is
possible. Consider the printing press, antibiotics and the internet:
inventions that altered the course of history in ways "innovative"
software and mobile startups can't even approach. Revenue models
certainly weren't a big part of the development process for these
inventions, yet countless opportunities arose from their creation.
Thomas Edison once said that to create one needed "a good imagination
and a pile of junk". For Edison, the pile of junk was not an annoyance
but a morass of imagined, lateral possibilities, a collage of
relationships waiting to be seen in a new way.

According to David, support for wild ideas "so naive no one would
encourage them" is lagging in the private sector. Rather, environments
such as Silicon Valley promote the reworking of existing concepts--a
process that is more easily taught and has more immediate
gratification. "If you look at really successful inventors, they tend
to be in positions that allow for fresh perspective anchored in
innocence and luck, hence many breakthroughs come from young minds. If
the goal is to crack the world's toughest problems, institutions
should foster creativity for creativity's sake (just like art for
art's sake) and do what they can to promote ideas that hold long-term
promise", he says.

Edward de Bono, father of lateral thinking, echoes the same view about
invention: "We can't find something we have not thought of if the
process we employ only tells us what we already suspect." To this
truth one might add: if we have to show in advance to some auditor
what "deliverables" our research will provide, there is no way that
the work will take us laterally across domains of knowledge to a new
place we have never visited, a place that an impact assessor would
have challenged our right even to approach. This obsession with
finding what we are looking for is also why we so often mistake
innovation for invention. Innovators engage in what patent lawyers
call 'reverse engineering': Japanese and Korean manufacturers did not
invent the car or the computer, but they make them better than most
other people. Getting funding for innovation is relatively easy: the
demonstrably better mousetrap saves money and delivers more dead
vermin.

This may explain why outcome-driven funders infrequently support
important discoveries; how could they when the methods they promote
directly undermine what we already know about nourishing creativity?
Limiting freedom of thought may be our best weapon against moving
intuitions forward. Is it any wonder then that so little comes out of
demands from government or charity that we remove the pile of junk,
make "better" use of the wasted space it occupies, and punish any
would-be Edison for having squandered our precious resources? How can
we expect genius to emerge from sponsored research? Under the current
terms of engagement, let's face it: genius can't emerge.



26. The passage lends support to which of the following statements?
a)
If one knows exactly what one's research is meant to deliver and has
no time or energy to wander beyond that, then creative thinking is
hampered.
b)
While invention is an important part of the economy we need to shift
our focus to fostering unfettered research leading to innovations as
innovations have better staying power than inventions.
c)
The paradox of innovation is that it is accepted as an innovation when
it has become an imitation.
d)
Inventors are not as obsessed as innovators with finding what they are
looking for but innovators can translate any idea into a commercial
success.


27. Which of the following best states the reason why outcome-driven
funders fail to support major discoveries?
a)
They cannot differentiate between innovation and invention.
b)
They do not support projects whose results are unpredictable.
c)
They believe that all inventions never make it off the page.
d)
They are risk-averse with respect to invention and risk-seeking with
respect to innovation.

28. All of the following can be inferred from the passage EXCEPT?
a)
Invention takes place in the domain of the unknown and discovering the
new involves moving across various disciplines.
b)
Innovators are obsessed with finding what they are looking for.
c)
When researchers work towards expectations, the possibilities of their
discovering something original diminish.
d)
Despite their great contributions, innovators cannot crossover to
becoming inventors.


29. Among the following options, which one represents the most
important argument raised in the passage?
a)
To foster invention, researchers should be allowed to play around with
a pile of junk without placing any expectation on deliverables.
b)
As long as sponsorship of research projects is prededicated on
providing a pre-defined set of deliverables there is no chance
bringing about the next big invention.
c)
It is high time we differentiate between invention and innovation and
foster the former instead of the latter.
d)
Sponsors of research projects do not have the methods to evaluate
ideas that will lead to major discoveries.





30. DIRECTIONS for question 96: In each of the following questions,
there are sentences or fragments of sentences that form a paragraph.
Identify the sentence(s) or fragments of sentence(s) that is/are
correct in terms of grammar and usage, including spelling, punctuation
and logical consistency, and enter the letters corresponding to the
sentence(s) or fragments of sentence(s) in the input box provided
below the question. You must enter your answer in alphabetical order.
For example, if you think that statements (D) and (E) are correct,
then enter DE (but not ED) in the input box.

(A) "The Rain in Spain" is turning point in the plotline of the
musical My Fair Lady, which was published in 1956.


(B) Professor Henry Higgins and Colonel Pickering have been drilling
Eliza Doolittle incessantly with speech exercises, trying to break her
cockney ascent speech pattern.


(C) With the three of them nearly exhausted, Eliza finally "gets it",
and recites the sentence "The rain in Spain stays mainly in the plain"
correctly.


(D) The trio break into song, repeating this key phrase as well as
singing other exercises correctly, such as "In Hertford, Hereford and
Hampshire, hurricanes hardly ever happen", in which Eliza had failed
before by dropping the leading 'H'.


(E) Now, Spanish rain does not actually stay in the plain and it falls
mainly in the northern mountains.



33.
a)
However, Guevara's paradoxical standing is further complicated by his
array of seemingly diametrically opposed qualities and he still
remains a transcendent figure both in specifically political contexts
and as a wide-ranging popular icon of youthful rebellion.
b)
As a result of his perceived martyrdom, poetic invocations for class
struggle, and desire to create the consciousness of a "new man" driven
by moral rather than material incentives, he has evolved into a
quintessential icon of various leftist-inspired movements.
c)
TIME magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people of the
20th century, while an Alberto Korda photograph of him, titled
Guerrillero Heroico, was cited by the Maryland Institute College of
Art as "the most famous photograph in the world".
d)
Che Guevara remains both a revered and reviled historical figure,
polarized in the collective imagination in a multitude of biographies,
memoirs, essays, documentaries, songs, and films.


Computers change too quickly for software to keep up. Major computer
companies now feel that they will be exceptionally successful if they
can design a model that will last in the marketplace for 18 months.
Unsuccessful models disappear in a few months. Most models fall
somewhere in between. At the same time, Moore's Law states that the
power of the microprocessor will double every 18 months. The
microprocessor is a computer processor that incorporates the functions
of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) on a single integrated
circuit (IC), or at most a few integrated circuits i.e. on a single
chip or on a few chips. This multipurpose, programmable device accepts
digital data as input, processes it according to instructions stored
in its memory, and provides results as output. Software is the
mechanism that takes the power unleashed by Moore's Law and converts
it into something useful--programs that make us want to dump our old
computers and buy new ones with even faster microprocessors.
Programmers don't have time to be craftsmen if they're under the gun
to extract ever more functionality out of ever more powerful machines
and correcting a piece of software is even more difficult than writing
it well the first time.


Which of the following statements, if true, weakens the argument?
a)
Moore's second law states that rate of change of any phenomenon cannot
be constant over a long period of time.
b)
Parallel industry now exists that refurbishes old computers into new
faster ones.
c)
Most software been written today is for cloud computing, which focuses
on maximizing the effectiveness of the shared resources.
d)
Software programs are written in the same way as construction models
that are built using building blocks. The model can be dismantled and
rebuilt with new blocks to replace old ones or new ones can be added
to existing ones.