1A
Logical predication; Diction The verb argue here, because it expresses the idea of arguing for a position
or theory, should be followed directly by a clause introduced by that, without a pause. Verb forms
ending with -ing with understood subjects, like the one beginning this sentence, must have their subject
supplied elsewhere—preferably by the subject of the main clause.
A. Correct. Argue is followed immediately by a that clause, and the subject of using is supplied by
anthropologists.
B. Argue is not directly followed by a that clause; moreover, by continuing with so . . ., the sentence
does not coherently express the intended idea.
C. Argue is not directly followed by a that clause.
D. The subject of the main clause, these human ancestors, will illogically be taken as the subject of using.
E. The subject of the main clause, these human ancestors, will illogically be taken as the subject of using.
The correct answer is A.
2C
Agreement; Rhetorical construction The noun phrase beginning with one is singular, as is one of its
constituent parts, the village planning proposal, so any pronouns for which it is the antecedent should
be singular; furthermore, any verb for which the noun phrase beginning with one . . . is the subject
should be in the singular. The verb detract is more appropriate to the thought being expressed than
take.
A. The plural pronoun their has a singular noun phrase as its antecedent, namely, the village planning
proposal. (It is illogical to take the antecedent of their to be best characteristics.)
B. The plural verb were does not agree with the singular subject. Also, the verb taking should be
replaced by the verb detracting.
C. Correct. The verb is correctly in the singular form.
D. A best characteristic is awkward; the idea is better phrased as one of the best characteristics. Also the
verb take should be replaced by the verb detract.
E. Instead of the awkward sequence one was, it did not, a better choice would be was that it did not.
The correct answer is C.
3E
Parallelism; Rhetorical construction The sentence most effectively uses parallel structure to contrast two
types of termites in the social structure of termite colonies: those who reproduce, and those who serve
the colony in a number of ways. The progressive verb form are serving should be changed to simple
present tense serve to parallel reproduce. In the final list of responsibilities, parallelism demands that all
assume the gerund form as objects of the preposition: by tending . . . gathering . . . building . . . or
battling.
A. The progressive verb form are serving is inappropriate for this general claim about termite behavior.
It should parallel the previous verb reproduce. It is unnecessary to introduce a new clause or they battle
intruders, because battling is another way some termites serve the colony and should therefore be
expressed as another object of the preposition by.
B. In that they is an awkward and wordy construction—a poor substitute for by in this context.
C. The preposition by clarifies how the termites serve their colony and should govern all of the task
descriptions, not just the final one.
D. There is no need to repeat the preposition by, because all tasks can be described in a series of parallel
objects of the same preposition. To violate parallel structure by omitting the preposition before one
gerund but repeating it for the rest confuses the reader.
E. Correct. The sentence uses proper parallel structure and is clear and concise.
The correct answer is E.
4D
Parallelism; Idiom; Logical predication This sentence uses the idiomatic expression not only X but also Y
to present two purposes of the conference. This expression requires parallel constructions. In this
sentence, not only . . . but also . . . should follow the verb was, making both purposes predicate
nominatives.
A. The verb was should come before the idiom not only . . . but also . . . ; the two purposes are not
expressed in parallel form; to consider is an infinitive phrase, and assessing is a gerund.
B. As in (A), the verb is misplaced; the use of the conjunction and in place of the relative pronoun which
near the end of the sentence nonsensically links the verb took place with the subject purpose.
C. The verbs considering and to assess are not parallel; as in (B), the conjunction and nonsensically links
the verb took place with the subject purpose.
D. Correct. This sentence presents both purposes in parallel form.
E. The verbs to consider and assessing are not parallel.
The correct answer is D.
5E
Grammatical construction: Logical predication This sentence introduces the claim that global warming is
considered to be the cause of extreme weather changes and then illustrates these changes with two
examples introduced by the phrase such as. The correct causal sequence of events in the first example is
heavy rain, which caused significant damage and flooding. The relative pronoun which, referring to
changes, is lacking a verb to complete the relative clause.
A. The relative pronoun, which, is without a verb. The phrase which, like the heavy rains incorrectly
suggests that the extreme weather is something different from the heavy rains and the heat wave, and
that each of these three phenomena separately caused damage and destruction.
B. As in (A), the relative pronoun has no verb to complete the phrase, and the sequence of events in the
first example positions costly destruction and flooding as two separate or unrelated results of the rain.
C. The causal sequence in the first example is confusing, suggesting, somewhat implausibly, that heavy
flooding occurred on its own but caused damage only because of the rain.
D. The sequential logic of the first example is confused—indicating, implausibly, that flooding caused
heavy rain and that the rain, but not the flooding, caused more than $2 billion in damages.
E. Correct. This version of the sentence correctly uses the phrase such as to introduce the two examples
of extreme weather changes, and it correctly identifies the sequence of events in the first example.
The correct answer is E
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