CAT 1990 - VA

Questions 1 to 5 : Each of the following questions has one or more blank spaces indicating where a word / words has been left out. Following each sentence, four words or sets of words lettered a to d have been given. You have to select the appropriate word or set of words to make the sentence most meaningful.

1. The __________, those cellular bodies which contain the __________ particles, the genes, provide us with basic facts of genetic transmission.

(a) protoplasm, microscopic
(b) globules, fat
(c) cytoplasm, minute
(d) chromosomes, hereditary

2. The insurance claim was __________ by the relevant documents

(a) sustained
(b) backed out
(c) backed up
(d) proved

3. I should not have __________ to talk in such a __________ strain especially when I had not studied the man to whom I was talking.

(a) daring, commanding
(b) try, bold
(c) ventured, peremptory
(d) emboldened, reckless

4. High prices are often the __________ of __________ of goods

(a) accompaniment, dearth
(b) concomitant, scarcity
(c) cause, destitution
(d) result, glut

5. The recent disturbances in the country will __________ and peace will be restored.

(a) blow past
(b) blow over
(c) pass through
(d) come to pass

Questions 6 to 10 : Choose from among the given alternatives the one which will be a suitable substitute for the bracketed expression in each of the following.

6. (The marriage of the princess with the commoner) caused a furore among the royalty.

(a) mesalliance
(b) misalliance
(c) elopement
(d) romance

7. The victim's (involuntary responses to stimulus) proved that he was still living.

(a) reactions
(b) reflexes
(c) feedback
(d) communication

8. (The art and science of good eating and drinking is now a lost art.)

(a) Gastronomy
(b) Osteopathy
(c) Gluttony
(d) Cooking

9. The thrilling narrative caused (the hair on the skin to stand erect.)

(a) tension
(b) horrification
(c) terror
(d) horror

10. (The body of Macedonian infantry drawn up in close order) was like a formidable castle of steel.

(a) phalanx
(b) phagocyte
(c) phenomenon
(d) phaeton

Questions 11 to 20: Choose the grammatically correct sentence from among the four options given for each question.

11.
(a) The Excel Company has greatly enhanced it's advertising expense.
(b) The Excel Company has greatly increased its advertising expense.
(c) The Excel Company has greatly enhanced its advertising expense.
(d) The Excel Company has greatly increased it's advertising expense.

12.
(a) Today we love, what tomorrow we hate; today we seek, what tomorrow we shun, today we desire, what tomorrow we fear.
(b) Today, we love what tomorrow we hate, today, we seek what tomorrow we shun, today, we desire what tomorrow we fear.
(c) Today we love what tomorrow we hate, today we seek what tomorrow we shun, today we desire what tomorrow we fear.
(d) Today we love what tomorrow we hate; today we seek what tomorrow we shun; today we desire what tomorrow we fear.

13.
(a) There's Mr. Som, whom they say is the best singer in the country.
(b) There's Mr. Som, who they say is the best singer in the country.
(c) There is Mr. Som, whom they say is the best singer in the country.
(d) There is Mr. Som who, they say is the best singer in the country.

14.
(a) I am not one of those who believe everything they hear.
(b) I am not one of those who believes everything I hear.
(c) I am not one of those who believes everything he hears.
(d) I am not one of those who believes in everything one hears.

15.
(a) The Board of Directors will hold its next meeting in July.
(b) The Board of Directors will hold it's next meeting in July.
(c) The Board of Directors shall hold the next meeting in July.
(d) The Board of Directors shall hold it's next meeting in July.

16.
(a) The state of his affairs were such as to cause anxiety to his creditors.
(b) The state of his affairs was such as to cause anxiety to his creditors.
(c) The state of his affairs are such as to cause anxiety to his creditors.
(d) The state of his affairs are such as to cause anxiety to his creditors.
17.

(a) Cannot one do what one likes with one's own?
(b) Cannot one do that one likes to do with his own?
(c) Cannot one do that one likes with his own?
(d) Cannot one do what he likes with his own?

18.
(a) Each of the students has done well.
(b) Each of the student has done well.
(c) Each of the students have done well.
(d) Each of the student have done well.

19.
(a) None of us were comfortable with what was happening.
(b) None of us was comfortable with what was happening.
(c) None among us were comfortable with what was happening.
(d) None amongst us were comfortable with what was happening.

20.
(a) Neither the king nor his ministers desires war.
(b) Neither king nor his ministers desires war.
(c) Neither the king nor his ministers desire war.
(d) Neither king nor his ministers desire war.

Questions 21 to 30: In each of the questions below, there are four statements which express the same idea. Choose the alternative that is most concise and clear.

21.
(a) The history of Modern Industry's performance, which is marginal at best, may be an indication of solvency
problems that will occur in the future.
(b) Modern industry's history of marginal performance may indicate solvency problems in the future.
(c) The history of marginal performance of Modern Industry may indicate future solvency problems.
(d) Modern Industry's history of performance, which is marginal at best, may indicate future solvency problems.

22.
(a) On the whole food front one may say that we can enjoy festivals in the consciousness that though some things are
dear, the basic foods are better in quality and still low in price.
(b) We can enjoy festivals knowing that though some things are clear, the basic foods are of better quality and still low in price.
(c) Although we know that some things are dear, we can still enjoy festivals because the basic foods are better in quality and low in price.
(d) On the whole food front, although some things are dear, we can still enjoy festivals as the basic foods are of better quality and quite cheap.

23.
(a) The dull are likely to have a limited conceptual grasp.
(b) It is unlikely that the dull would have adequate conceptual grasp.
(c) The dull are not likely to grasp concepts easily.
(d) It is unlikely that the dull can grasp concepts easily.

24.
(a) I request you to kindly deliver to me a tin of milk powder.
(b) Could you please send me a tin of milk powder?
(c) May I request you to please send me a tin of milk powder?
(d) Can I have milk powder sent to me please?

25.
(a) There is no question of it not being possible to freeze you to death and wake you up as and when you want.
(b) There is no question of it not being possible to freeze you to death and wake you up whenever you want.
(c) Undoubtedly, it should be possible to freeze you to death and wake you up whenever you want.
(d) Undoubtedly, it should be possible to freeze you to death and wake you up when you want.

26.
(a) Finally, there will be unexpected, unanticipated implicational consequences of this development concerning human life.
(b) This development concerning human life will finally have unanticipated consequences.
(c) This development concerning human life will finally have unexpected and unanticipated implications.
(d) This development concerning human life will finally have unexpected implications.

27.
(a) His definition of reality has first to be made coincident with the point of view adopted by the author whom he is discussing.
(b) His definition of reality has first to be made coincident with the point of view adopted by the author who he is discussing.
(c) His definition has to first agree with the point of view adopted by the author he is discussing.
(d) His definition of reality has first to coincide with the point of view adopted by the author he is discussing.

28.
(a) I should be very much obliged if you could be kind enough to send me the required material.
(b) I should be much obliged if you could send me the required material.
(c) I should be very much obliged if you could kindly send me the required material.
(d) I should be grateful and very much obliged if you could kindly send me the required material.

29.
(a) I am sorry, a prior engagement prevents me from joining you at dinner on Monday.
(b) I regret to say that I am very sorry that a previous engagement will prevent me from joining you at dinner on Monday.
(c) I regret to inform you that because of a previous engagement I will be prevented from joining you at dinner on Monday.
(d) I am sorry to say that I am unable to join you at dinner on Monday because of a prior engagement.

30.
(a) Looking back, our inability to confirm speakers gave us the maximum headaches.
(b) Looking at it with hindsight our inability to confirm speakers gave us the maximum headaches.
(c) On hindsight we find that our inability to confirm speakers gave us the maximum headaches.
(d) On hindsight, our inability to confirm speakers gave us the maximum headaches.


Questions 31 to 35: Each of the following questions has a pair of CAPITALIZED words followed by four pairs of words. Choose the pair of words which best expresses the relationship similar to that expressed in the capitalized pair.

31. CAR : ROAD
(a) electricity : cable
(b) ink : pencil
(c) bomb : missile
(d) fly : bird

32. FORESIGHT : FARSIGHTEDNESS

(a) long : lengthy
(b) further : farther
(c) short : dwarf
(d) thinker : visionary

33. FLEET : NAVY

(a) chapter : book
(b) seats : auditorium
(c) letter : word
(d) drop : ocean

34. FEATHER : WING

(a) down : goose
(b) cotton : mattress
(c) subheading : heading
(d) brick : wall

35. SUGAR : TEA

(a) paper : editor
(b) weapon : murderer
(c) button : buttonhole
(d) umbrella : rain

Questions 36 to 40: Each pair of CAPITALIZED words given below is followed by four pairs of words. Choose the pair which does not exhibit the relationship similar to that expressed in the capitalized pair.

36. RENT : LEASE
(a) interest : borrow
(b) salary : employ
(c) price : buy
(d) tax : govern

37. TEMPERATURE : HEAT

(a) votes : popularity
(b) IQ : intelligence
(c) ohms : resistance
(d) speed : distance

38. PROGRESS : PROGRESSIVE

(a) terror : terrorist
(b) sympathy : sympathizer
(c) revolution : revolutionary
(d) reform : reformist

39. STUBBORN : ADAPTABLE

(a) stupid : bright
(b) moral : amoral
(c) inherent : extraneous
(d) friend : enemy

40. CLIPS : PAPER

(a) thread : beads
(b) cement : bricks
(c) ribbon : hair
(d) bag : vegetables

Questions 41 to 50: Each of these questions contains six statements followed by four sets of combinations of three. Choose the set in which the statements are most logically related.

41.
A. Some of my closest friends disapprove of me.
B. Some of my closest friends are aardvarks.
C. All of my closest friends disapprove of me.
D. All who disapprove of me are aardvarks.
E. Some who disapprove of me are aardvarks.
F. Some of my closest friends are no aardvarks.

(a) BCD
(b) ABD
(c) BCE
(d) ABE

42.
A. All those who achieve great ends are happy.
B. All young people are happy.
C. All young people achieve great ends.
D. No young people achieve great ends.
E. No young people are happy,
F. Some young people are happy.

(a) ADE
(b) ABF
(c) ACB
(d) ADF

43.
A. All candid men are persons who acknowledge merit in a rival.
B. Some learned men are very candid.
C. Some learned men are not persons who acknowledge merit in a rival.
D. Some learned men are persons who are very candid.
E. Some learned men are not candid.
F. Some persons who recognize merit in a rival are learned.

(a) ABE
(b) ACF
(c) ADE
(d) BAF

44.
A. All roses are fragrant.
B. All roses are majestic.
C. All roses are plants.
D. All roses need air.
E. All plants need air.
F. All plants need water.

(a) CED
(b) ACB
(c) BDC
(d) CFE

45.
A. All men are men of scientific ability.
B. Some women are women of scientific ability.
C. Some men are men of artistic genius.
D. Some men and women are of scientific ability.
E. All men of artistic genius are men of scientific ability.
F. Some women of artistic genius are women of scientific ability.

(a) ACD
(b) ACE
(c) DEF
(d) ABC

46.
A. No fishes breathe through lungs.
B. All fishes have scales.
C. Some fishes breed up stream.
D. All whales breathe through lungs.
E. No whales are fishes.
F. All whales are mammals.

(a) ABC
(b) BCD
(c) ADE
(d) DEF

47.
A. Some mammals are carnivores.
B. All whales are mammals.
C. All whales are aquatic animals.
D. All whales are carnivores.
E. Some aquatic animals are mammals.
F. Some mammals are whales.

(a) ADF
(b) ABC
(c) AEF
(d) BCE

48.
A. First-year students of this college like to enter for the prize.
B. All students of this college rank as University students.
C. First-year students of this college are entitled to enter for he prize.
D. Some who rank as University students are First-year students.
E. All University students are eligible to enter for the prize.
F. All those who like to are entitled to enter for the prize.

(a) AEF
(b) ABC
(c) BEC
(d) CDF

49.
A. Some beliefs are uncertain.
B. Nothing uncertain is worth dying for.
C. Some belief is worth dying for.
D. All beliefs are uncertain.
E. Some beliefs are certain.
F. No belief is worth dying for.

(a) ABF
(b) BCD
(c) BEF
(d) BDF

50.
A. No lunatics are fit to serve on a jury.
B. Everyone who is sane can do logic.
C. None of your sons can do logic.
D. Some who can do logic are fit to serve on a jury.
E. All who can do logic are fit to serve on a jury.
F. Everyone who is sane is fit to serve on a jury.

(a) BDE
(b) BEF
(c) BDF
(d) ADE

DOC LINKS REVISED

DI

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1dk5cSutEqTYwQZjYgWhjZKqLjV3GJ38Tf-UEGrVRegg/edit?usp=sharing

LR

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aMSXb2FN5uHvOx_DqLvpwon8jdtIN2viiP9mTDwV4ek/edit

RC CR PJ 

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1h-LcXWLo-i9RFnAmLid-7xXwuZBnpqqkjJA7ryBG44k/edit

QA

https://docs.google.com/document/d/12E27bcGBS2pNWog84EHAN2FrXorjNiErdqfuAZWWK60/edit

SC WU CCW PV Idioms

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oncc5Pbm4TzPn-wD1QaWgcQsZQzuJYbE36VoKhzhdZQ/edit

FIB IFJ PC Summary

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1aCUifCK4Pk50v70Ww52ftadq1BiIt95RxGh2R-eAnPU/edit

PROGRESSIONS 

https://docs.google.com/document/d/1SwFi7ZrPmQFASYggw3lLtfOFfG3PLSloTDwE2wn2ZcI/edit?usp=sharing

CAT 2004 - VA

Directions for questions 74 to 79: Fill up the blanks, numbered [74], [75] …… up to [79], in the  passage below with most appropriate word from the options given for each blank.

"Between the year 1946 and the year 1955, I did not file any income tax returns." With that [74] statement, Ramesh embarked on an account of his encounter with the income tax department. " I originally owed Rs. 20,000 in unpaid taxes. With [75] and [76], the 20,000 became 60,000. The Income tax Department then went into action, and I learned first hand just how much power the Tax Department wields. Royalties and trust funds can be [77]; automobiles may be [78], and auctioned off. Nothing belongs to the [79] until the case is settled."

74. (1) devious (2) blunt (3) tactful (4) pretentious

75. (1) interest (2) taxes (3) principal (4) returns

76. (1) sanctions (2) refunds (3) fees (4) fines

77. (1) closed (2) detached (3) attached (4) impounded

78. (1) smashed (2) seized (3) dismantled (4) frozen

79. (1) purchaser (2) victim (3) investor (4) offender

Directions for questions 80 to 83: Fill up the blanks, numbered [80], [83] …… up to [83], in the  passage below with most appropriate word from the options given for each blank.

At that time the white house was as serene as a resort hotel out of season. The corridors were [80]. In the various offices, [81] gray men in waistcoats talked to one another in low-pitched voices. The only color, or choler, curiously enough, was provided by President Eisenhower himself. Apparently, his [82] was easily set off; he scowled when he [83] the corridors.

80. (1) striking (2) hollow (3) empty (4) white

81. (1) quiet (2) faded (3) loud (4) stentorian

82. (1) laughter (2) curiously (3) humour (4) temper

83. (1) paced (2) strolled (3) stormed (4) prowled

Directions for questions 84 to 86: Identify the incorrect sentence or sentences.

84. A. It was a tough situation and Manasi was taking pains to make it better.
B. Slowly her efforts gave fruit and things started improving.
C. Everyone complemented her for her good work.
D. She was very happy and thanked everyone

(1) A (2) D (3) B and C (4) A and C

85. A. Harish told Raj to plead guilty.
B. Raj pleaded guilty of stealing money from the shop.
C. The court found Raj guilty of all the crimes he was charged with.
D. He was sentenced for three years in jail

(1) A and C (2) B and D (3) A, C, and D (4) B, C, and D

86. A. Last Sunday, Archana had nothing to do.
B. After waking up, she lay on the bed thinking of what to do.
C. At 11 o' clock she took shower and got ready.
D. She spent most of the day shopping

(1) B and C (2) C (3) A and B (4) B, C, and D

Directions for questions 87 to 89: Each statement has a part missing. Choose the best option from the four options given below the statement to make up the missing part.

87. Many people suggest ___ and still other would like to convince people not to buy pirated cassettes.

(1) to bring down audiocassette prices to reduce the incidence of music piracy, others advocate strong legal action against the offenders,
(2) bringing down audiocassette prices to reduce the incidents of music piracy, others are advocating strong legal action against offenders,
(3) bringing down audiocassette prices to reduce the incidents of music piracy, others advocate strong legal action against offenders,
(4) audiocassette prices to be brought down to reduce incidents of music piracy, others advocate that strong legal action must be taken against offenders,

88. The ancient Egyptians believed ___ so that when these objects were magically reanimated through the correct rituals, they would be able to function effectively.

(1) that it was essential that things they portrayed must have every relevant feature shown as clearly as possible
(2) it was essential for things they portray to have had every relevant feature shown as clearly as possible,
(3) it was essential that the things they portrayed had every relevant feature shown as clearly as possible.
(4) that when they portrayed things, it should have every relevant feature shown as clearly as possible

89. Archaeologists believe that the pieces of red – ware pottery excavated recently near Bhavnagar and ___ shed light on a hitherto dark 600-year period in the Harappan history of Gujarat.

(1) estimated with a reasonable certainty as being about 3400 years old,
(2) are estimated reasonably certain to be about 3400 years old,
(3) estimated at about 3400 years old with reasonable certainty,
(4) estimated with reasonable certainty to be about 3400 years old,

Directions for questions 90 to 92: In each question, the word at the top of the table is used in four different ways, numbered 1 to 4. Choose the options in which the usage of the word is INCORRECT or INAPPROPRIATE.

90. BOLT
(1) The shopkeeper showed us a bolt of fine silk.
(2) As he could not move, he made a bolt for the gate.
(3) Could you please bolt the door?
(4) The thief was arrested before he could bolt from the scene of the crime.

91. FALLOUT
(1) Nagasaki suffered from the fallout of nuclear radiation.
(2) People believed that the political fallout of the scandal would be insigficant.
(3) Who can predict the environmental fallout of the WTO agreements?
(4) The headmaster could not understand the fallout of several of his good students at the public examination.

92. PASSING
(1) She did not have passing marks in mathematics.
(2) The mad woman was cursing everybody passing her on the road.
(3) At the birthday party all the children enjoyed a game of passing the parcel.
(4) A passing taxi was stopped to rush the accident victims to the hospital.

Directions for questions 93 to 95: The sentences given in each question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labeled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of sentence from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.

93. A. The two neighbours never fought each other.
B. Fights involving three male fiddler crabs have been recorded, but the status of the participants was unknown
C. They pushed or grappled only with the intruder.
D. We recorded 17 cases in which a resident that was fighting an intruder was joined by an immediate neighbour, an ally.
E. We therefore tracked 268 intruder males until we saw them fighting a resident male.

(1) BEDAC (2) DEBAC (3) BDCAE (4) BCEDA

94. A. In the west, Allied Forces had fought their way through southern Italy as far as Rome.
B. In June 1944 Germany's military position in World War too appeared hopeless
C. In Britain, the task of amassing the men and materials for the liberation of northern Europe had been completed.
D. Red Army was poised to drive the Nazis back through Poland.
E. The situation on the eastern front was catastrophic.

(1) EDACB (2) BEDAC (3) BDECA (4) CEDAB

95. A. He felt justified in bypassing Congress altogether on a variety of moves.
B. At times he was fighting the entire Congress.
C. Bush felt he had a mission to restore power to the presidency.
D. Bush was not fighting just the democrats.
E. Representatives democracy is a messy business, and a CEO of the white House does not like a legislature of second guessers and time wasters.

(1) CAEDB (2) DBAEC (3) CEADB (4) ECDBA

Directions for questions 96 and 97: Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.

96. The human race is spread all over world, from the polar regions to the tropics. The people of whom it is made up eat different kinds of food, partly according to the climate in which they live, and partly according to the kind of food which their country produces. In hot climates; meat and fat are not much needed; but in the Arctic regions they seem to be very necessary for keeping up the heat of the body. Thus, in India, people live chiefly on different kinds of grains, eggs, milk, or sometimes fish and meat. In Europe people eat more meat and less grain. In the Arctic regions, where no grains and fruits are produced, the Eskimo and others races live almost entirely on meat and fish.

(1) Food eaten by people in different regions of the world depends on the climate and produce of the region, and varies from meat and fish in the Arctic to predominantly grains in the tropics.
(2) Hot climates require people to eat grains while cold regions require people to eat meat and fish.
(3) In hot countries people eat mainly grains while in the Arctic, they eat meat and fish because they cannot grow grains.
(4) While people in Arctic regions like meat and fish and those in hot regions like India prefer mainly grains, they have to change what they eat depending on the local climate and the local produce.

97. You seemed at first to take no notice of your school-fellows, or rather to set yourself against them because they were strangers to you. They knew as little of you as you did of them; this would have been the reason for their keeping aloof from you as well, which you would have felt as a hardship. Learn never to conceive a prejudice against others because you know nothing of them. It is bad reasoning, and makes enemies of half the world. Do not think ill of them till they behave ill to you; and then strive to avoid the faults, which you see in them. This will disarm their hostility sooner than pique or resentment or complaint.

(1) The discomfort you felt with your school fellows was because both sides knew little of each other. You should not complain unless you find others prejudiced against you and have attempted to carefully analyze the faults you have observed in them.
(2) The discomfort you felt with your school fellows was because both sides knew little of each other. Avoid prejudice and negative thoughts till you encounter bad behaviour from others, and then win them over by shunning the faults you have observed.
(3) You encountered hardship amongst your school fellows because you did not know then well. You should learn not to make enemies because of your prejudices irrespective of their behaviour towards you.
(4) You encountered hardship amongst your school fellows because you did not know them well. You should learn to not make enemies because of your prejudices unless they behave badly with you.

Directions for questions 98 to 102: Each of the five passages given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.

The painter is now free to paint anything he chooses. They are scarcely any forbidden subjects, and today everybody is prepared to admit that a painting of some fruit can be as important as a painting of a hero dying. The Impressionists did as much as anybody to win this previously unheard-of freedom for the artist. Yet, by the next generation, painters began to abandon the subject altogether, and began to paint abstract pictures. Today the majority of pictures painted are abstract.

Is there a connection between these two developments? Has art gone abstract because the artist is embarrassed by his freedom? Is it that, because he is free to paint anything, he doesn't know what to paint? Apologists for abstract art often talk of it as the art of maximum freedom. But could this be the freedom of the desert island? It would take to long to answer these questions properly. I believe there is a connection. Many things have encouraged the development of abstract art. Among them has been the artists' wish to avoid the difficulties of finding subjects when all subjects are equally possible.

I raise the matter now because I want to draw attention to the fact that the painter's choice of a subject is a far more complicated question than it would at first seem. A subject does not start with what is put in front of the easel or with something which the painter happens to remember. A subject starts with the painter deciding he would like to paint such-and-such because for some reason or other he finds it meaningful. A subject begins when the artist selects something for special mention. (What makes it special or meaningful may seem to the artist to be purely visual – its colours or its form.) When the subject has been selected, the function of the painting itself is to communicate and justify the significance of that selection.

It is often said today that subject matter is unimportant. But this is only a reaction against the excessively literary and moralistic interpretation of subject matter in the nineteenth century. In truth the subject is literary the beginning and end of a painting. The painting begins with a selection (I will paint this and not everything else in the world); it is finished when that selection is justified (now you can see all that I saw and felt in this and how it is more than merely itself).

Thus, for a painting to succeed it is essential that the painter and his public agree about what is significant. The subject may have a personal meaning for the painter or individual spectator; but there must also be the possibility of their agreement on its general meaning. It is at this point that the culture of the society and period in question precedes the artist and his art. Renaissance art would have meant nothing to the Aztecs –and vice versa. If, to some extent, a few intellectuals can appreciate them both today it is because their culture is an historical one; its inspiration is history and therefore it can include within itself, in principle if not in every particular, all known developments to date.

When a culture is secure and certain of its values, it presents it presents its artists with subjects. The general agreement about what is significant is so well established that the significance of a particular subject accrues and becomes traditional. This is true, for instance, of reeds and water in China, of the nude body in Renaissance, of the animal in Africa. Furthermore, in such cultures the artist is unlikely to be a free agent: he will be employed for the sake of particulars subjects, and the problem, as we have just described it, will not occur to him.

When a culture is in a state of disintegration or transition the freedom of the artist increases – but the question of subject matter becomes problematic for him: he, himself, has to choose for society. This was at the basis of all the increasing, crises in European art during the nineteenth century. It is too often forgotten how many of the art scandals of that time were provoked by the choice of subject (Gericault, Courbet, Daumier, Degas, Lautrec, Van Gogh, etc.).

By the end of the nineteenth century there were, roughly speaking, two ways in which the painter could meet this challenge of deciding what to paint and so choosing for society. Either he identified himself with the people and so allowed their lives to dictate his subjects to him; or he had to find his subjects within himself as painter. By people I mean everybody except the bourgeoisie. Many painters did of course work of the bourgeoisie according to their copy-book of approved subjects, but all of them, filling the Salon and the Royal Academy year after year, are now forgotten, buried under the hypocrisy of those they served so sincerely.

98. When a culture is insecure, the painter chooses his subject on the basis of:

(1) The prevalent style in the society of his time.
(2) Its meaningfulness to the painter.
(3) What is put in front of the easel.
(4) Past experience and memory of the painter

99. In the sentence, "I believe there is a connection" (second paragraph), what two developments is the author referring to?

(1) Painters using a dying hero and using a fruit as a subject of painting.
(2) Growing success of painters and an increase in abstract forms.
(3) Artists gaining freedom to choose subjects and abandoning subjects altogether.
(4) Rise of Impressionists and an increase in abstract forms.

100. Which of the following is NOT necessarily among the attributes needed for a painter to succeed:

(1) The painter and his public agree on what is significant.
(2) The painting is able to communicate and justify the significance of its subject selection.
(3) The subject has a personal meaning for the painter.
(4) The painting of subjects is inspired by historical developments.

101. In the context of the passage, which of the following statements would NOT be true?

(1) Painters decided subjects based on what they remembered from their own lives.
(2) Painters of reeds and water in China faced no serious problem of choosing a subject.
(3) The choice of subject was a source of scandals in nineteenth century European art.
(4) Agreement on the general meaning of a painting is influenced by culture and historical context.

102. Which of the following views is taken by the author?

(1) The more insecure a culture, the greater the freedom of the artist.
(2) The more secure a culture, the greater the freedom of the artist.
(3) The more secure a culture, more difficult the choice of subject.
(4) The more insecure a culture, the less significant the choice of the subject.

Directions for questions 103 to 106: Each of the five passages given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.

Recently I spent several hours sitting under a tree in my garden with the social anthropologist William Ury, a Harvard University professor who specializes in the art of negotiation and wrote the bestselling book,Getting to Yes. He captivated me with his theory that tribalism protects people from their fear of rapid change. He explained that the pillars of tribalism that humans rely on for security would always counter any significant cultural or social change. In this way, he said, change is never allowed to happen too fast. Technology, for example, is a pillar of society. Ury believes that every time technology moves in a new or radical direction, another pillar such as religion or nationalism will grow stronger - in effect, the traditional and familiar will assume greater importance to compensate for the new and untested. In this manner, human tribes avoid rapid change that leaves people insecure and frightened.

But we have all heard that nothing is as permanent as change. Nothing is guaranteed. Pithy expressions, to be sure, but no more than cliches. As Ury says, people don't live that way from day-to-day. On the contrary, they actively seek certainty and stability. They want to know they will be safe.

Even so, we scare ourselves constantly with the idea of change. An IBM CEO once said: 'We only restructure for a good reason, and if we haven't re-structured in a while, that's a good reason.' We are scared that competitors, technology and the consumer will put us out of business so we have to change all the time just to stay alive. But if we asked our fathers and grandfathers, would they have said that they lived in a period of little change? Structure may not have changed much. It may just be the speed with which we do things.

Change is over-rated, anyway. Consider the automobile. It's an especially valuable example, because the auto industry has spent tens of billions or dollars on research and product development in the last 100 years. Henry Ford's first car had a metal chassis with an internal combustion, gasoline-powered engine, four wheels with rubber tyres, a foot operated clutch assembly and brake system, a steering wheel, and four seats, and it could safely do 18 miles per hour. A hundred years and tens of thousands of research hours later, we drive cars with a metal chassis with an internal combustion, gasoline-powered engine, four wheels with rubber tyres, a foot operated clutch assembly and brake system, a steering wheel, four seats - and the average speed in London in 2001 was 17.5 miles per hour!

That's not a hell of a lot of return for the money. Ford evidently doesn't have much to teach us about change. The fact that they're still manufacturing cars is not proof that Ford Motor Co. is a sound organization, just proof that it takes very large companies to make cars in great quantities - making for an almost impregnable entry barrier.

Fifty years after the development of the jet engine, planes are also little changed. They've grown bigger, wider and can carry more people. But those are incremental, largely cosmetic changes.

Taken together, this lack of real change has come to mean that in travel - whether driving or flying — time and technology have not combined to make things much better. The safety and design have of course accompanied the times and the new volume of cars and flights, but nothing of any significance has changed in the basic assumptions of the final product.

At the same time, moving around in cars or aeroplanes becomes less and less efficient all the time. Not only has there been no great change, but also both forms or transport have deteriorated as more people clamour to use them. The same is true for telephones, which took over hundred years to become mobile, or photographic film, which also required an entire century to change.

The only explanation for this is anthropological. Once established in calcified organizations, humans do two things: sabotage changes that might render people dispensable, and ensure industry-wide emulation. In the 1960s, German auto companies developed plans to scrap the entire combustion engine for an electrical design. (The same existed in the 1970s in Japan, and in the I980s in France.). So for 40 years we might have been free of the wasteful and ludicrous dependence on fossil fuels. Why didn't it go anywhere? Because auto executives understood pistons and carburettors, and would loath to cannibalize their expertise, along with most of their factories.

103. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?

(1) Executives of automobile companies are inefficient and ludicrous.
(2) The speed at which an automobile is driven in a city has not changed much in a century.
(3) Anthropological factors have fostered innovation in automobiles by promoting use of new technologies.
(4) Further innovation in jet engines has been more than incremental.

104. Which of the following views does the author fully support in the passage?

(1) Nothing is as permanent as change.
(2) Change is always rapid.
(3) More money spent on innovation leads to more rapid change.
(4) Over decades, structural change has been incremental.

105. Which of the following best describes one of the main ideas discussed in the passage?

(1) Rapid change is usually welcomed in society.
(2) Industry is not as innovative as it is made out to be.
(3) We should have less change than what we have now.
(4) Competition spurs companies into radical innovation.
106. According to the passage, the reason why we continues to be dependent on fossil fuels is that:

(1) Auto executives did not wish to change.
(2) No alternative fuels were discovered.
(3) Change in technology was not easily possible
(4) German, Japanese and French companies could not come up with new technologies.

Directions for questions 107 to 110: Each of the five passages given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.

The viability of the multinational corporate system depends upon the degree to which people will tolerate the unevenness it creates. It is well to remember that the 'New Imperialism' which began after 1870 in a spirit of Capitalism Triumphant, soon became seriously troubled and after 1914 was characterized by war, depression, breakdown of the international economic system and war again, rather than free Trade, Pax Britannica and Material Improvement. A major reason was Britain's inability to cope with the by-products of its own rapid accumulation of capital; i.e., a class-conscious labour force at home; a middle class in the hinterland; and rival centres of capital on the Continent and in America. Britain's policy tended to be atavistic and defensive rather than progressive-more concerned with warding off new threats than creating new areas of expansion. Ironically, Edwardian England revived the paraphernalia of the landed aristocracy it had just destroyed. Instead of embarking on a 'big push' to develop the vast hinterland of the Empire, colonial administrators often adopted policies to arrest the development of either a native capitalist class or a native proletariat which could overthrow them.

As time went on, the centre had to devote an increasing share of government activity to military and other unproductive expenditures; they had to rely on alliances with an inefficient class of landlords, officials and soldiers in the hinterland to maintain stability at the cost of development. A great part of the surplus extracted from the population was thus wasted locally.

The New Mercantilism (as the Multinational Corporate System of special alliances and privileges, aid and tariff concessions is sometimes called) faces similar problems of internal and external division. The centre is troubled: excluded groups revolt and even some of the affluent are dissatisfied with the roles. Nationalistic rivalry between major capitalist countries remains an important divisive factor, Finally, there is the threat presented by the middle classes and the excluded groups of the underdeveloped countries. The national middle classes in the underdeveloped countries came to power when the centre weakened but could not, through their policy of import substitution manufacturing, establish a viable basis for sustained growth. They now face a foreign exchange crisis and an unemployment (or population) crisis-the first indicating their inability to function in the international economy and the second indicating their alienation from the people they are supposed to lead. In the immediate future, these national middle classes will gain a new lease of life as they take advantage of the spaces created by the rivalry between American and non- American oligopolists striving to establish global market positions.

The native capitalists will again become the champions of national independence as they bargain with multinational corporations. But the conflict at this level is more apparent than real, for in the end the fervent nationalism of the middle class asks only for promotion within the corporate structure and not for a break with that structure. In the last analysis their power derives from the metropolis and they cannot easily afford to challenge the international system. They do not command the loyalty of their own population and cannot really compete with the large, powerful, aggregate capitals from the centre. They are prisoners of the taste patterns and consumption standards set at the centre.

The main threat comes from the excluded groups. It is not unusual in underdeveloped countries for the top 5 per cent to obtain between 30 and 40 per cent of the total national income, and for the top one-third to obtain anywhere from 60 to 70 per cent. At most, one-third of the population can be said to benefit in some
sense from the dualistic growth that characterizes development in the hinterland. The remaining two-thirds, who together get only one-third of the income, are outsiders, not because they do not contribute to the economy, but because they do not share in the benefits. They provide a source of cheap labour which helps keep exports to the developed world at a low price and which has financed the urban-biased growth of recent years. In fact, it is difficult to see how the system in most underdeveloped countries could survive without cheap labour since removing it (e.g. diverting it to public works projects as is done in socialist countries) would raise consumption costs to capitalists and professional elites.

107. According to the author, the British policy during the 'New Imperialism' period tended to be defensive because

(1) it was unable to deal with the fallouts of a sharp increase in capital.
(2) its cumulative capital had undesirable side-effects.
(3) its policies favoured developing the vast hinterland.
(4) it prevented the growth of a set-up which could have been capitalistic in nature.

108. Under New Mercantilism, the fervent nationalism of the native middle classes does not create conflict with the multinational corporations because they (the middle classes)

(1) negotiate with the multinational corporations.
(2) are dependent on the international system for their continued prosperity.
(3) are not in a position to challenge the status quo.
(4) do not enjoy popular support.

109. In the sentence, "They are prisoners of the taste patterns and consumption standards set at the center." (fourth paragraph), what is the meaning of 'center'?

(1) National government
(2) Native capitalists.
(3) New capitalists.
(4) None of the above.

110. The author is in a position to draw parallels between New Imperialism and New Mercantilism because

(1) both originated in the developed Western capitalist countries.
(2) New Mercantilism was a logical sequel to New Imperialism
(3) they create the same set of outputs – a labour force, middle classes and rival centers of capital.
(4) both have comparable uneven and divisive effects.

Directions for questions 111 to 114: Each of the five passages given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.

Fifty feet away three male lions lay by the road. They didn't appear to have a hair on their heads. Noting the color of their noses (leonine noses darken as they age, from pink to black), Craig estimated that they were six years old-young adults. "This is wonderful!" he said, after staring at them for several moments. "This is what we came to see. They really are maneless." Craig, a professor at the University of Minnesota, is arguably the leading expert on the majestic Serengeti lion, whose head is mantled in long, thick hair. He and Peyton West, a doctoral student who has been working with him in Tanzania, had never seen the Tsavo lions that live some 200 miles east of the Serengeti. The scientists had partly suspected that the maneless males were adolescents mistaken for adults by amateur observers. Now they knew better.

The Tsavo research expedition was mostly Peyton's show. She had spent several years in Tanzania, compiling the data she needed to answer a question that ought to have been answered long ago: Why do lions have manes? It's the only cat, wild or domestic, that displays such ornamentation. In Tsavo she was attacking the riddle from the opposite angle. Why do its lions not have manes? (Some "maneless" lions in Tsavo East do have partial manes, but they rarely attain the regal glory of the Serengeti lions'.) Does environmental adaptation account for the trait? Are the lions of Tsavo, as some people believe, a distinct subspecies of their Serengeti cousins?

The Serengeti lions have been under continuous observation for more than 35 years, beginning with George Schaller's pioneering work in the I960s. But the lions in Tsavo, Kenya's oldest and largest protected ecosystem, have hardly been studied. Consequently, legends have grown up around them. Not only do they look different, according to the myths, they behave differently, displaying greater cunning and aggressiveness. "Remember too," Kenya: The Rough Guide warns, "Tsavo's lions have a reputation of ferocity." Their fearsome image became well-known in 1898, when two males stalled construction of what is now Kenya Railways by allegedly killing and eating 135 Indian and African laborers. A British Army officer in charge of building a railroad bridge over the Tsavo River, Lt. Col. J. H. Patterson, spent nine months pursuing the pair before he brought them to bay and killed them. Stuffed and mounted, they now glare at visitors to the Field Museum in Chicago. Patterson's account of the leonine reign of terror, The Man-Eaters of Tsavo, was an international best-seller when published in 1907. Still in print, the book has made Tsavo's lions notorious. That annoys some scientists. "People don't want to give up on mythology," Dennis King told me one day. The zoologist has been working in Tsavo off and on for four years. "I am so sick of this man-eater business. Patterson made a helluva lot of money off that story, but Tsavo's lions are no more likely to turn man-eater than lions from elsewhere."

But tales of their savagery and wiliness don't all come from sensationalist authors looking to make a buck. Tsavo lions are generally larger than lions elsewhere, enabling them to take down the predominant prey animal in Tsavo, the Cape buffalo, one of the strongest, most aggressive animals of Earth. The buffalo don't give up easily: They often kill or severely injure an attacking lion, and a wounded lion might be more likely to turn to cattle and humans for food.

And other prey is less abundant in Tsavo than in other traditional lion haunts. A hungry lion is more likely to attack humans. Safari guides and Kenya Wildlife Service rangers tell of lions attacking Land Rovers, raiding camps, stalking tourists. Tsavo is a tough neighborhood, they say, and it breeds tougher lions.

But are they really tougher? And if so, is there any connection between their manelessness and their ferocity? An intriguing hypothesis was advanced two years ago by Gnoske and Peterhans: Tsavo lions may be similar to the unmaned cave lions of the Pleistocene. The Serengeti variety is among the most evolved of the species-the latest model, so to speak-while certain  morphological differences in Tsavo lions (bigger bodies, smaller skulls, and maybe even lack of a mane) suggest that they are closer to the primitive ancestor of all lions. Craig and Peyton had serious doubts about this idea, but admitted that Tsavo lions pose a mystery to science.

111. The book Man-Eaters of Tsavo annoys some scientists because

(1) it revealed that Tsavo lions are ferocious.
(2) Patterson made a helluva lot of money from the book by sensationalism.
(3) it perpetuated the bad name Tsavo lions had.
(4) it narrated how two male Tsavo lions were killed.

112. The sentence which concludes the first paragraph, "Now they knew better", implies that:

(1) The two scientists were struck by wonder on seeing maneless lions for the first time.
(2) Though Craig was an expert on the Serengeti lion, now he also knew about the Tsavo lions.
(3) Earlier, Craig and West thought that amateur observers had been mistaken.
(4) Craig was now able to confirm that darkening of the noses as lions aged applied to Tsavo lions as well.

113. According to the passage, which of the following has NOT contributed to the popular image of Tsavo lions as savage creatures?

(1) Tsavo lions have been observed to bring down one of the strongest and most aggressive animals — the Cape buffalo.
(2) In contrast to the situation in traditional lion haunts, scarcity of non-buffalo prey in the Tsavo makes the Tsavo lions more aggressive.
(3) The Tsavo lion is considered to be less evolved than the Serengeti variety.
(4) Tsavo lions have been observed to attack vehicles as well as humans.

114. Which of the following, if true, would weaken the hypothesis advanced by Gnoske and Peterhans most?

(1) Craig and Peyton develop even more serious doubts about the idea that Tsavo lions are primitive.
(2) The maneless Tsavo East lions are shown to be closer to the cave lions.
(3) Pleistocene cave lions are shown to be far less violent than believed.
(4) The morphological variations in body and skull size between the cave and Tsavo lions are found to be insignificant.

Directions for questions 111 to 114: Each of the five passages given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.

Throughout human history the leading causes of death have been infection and trauma. Modem medicine has scored significant victories against both, and the major causes of ill health and death are now the chronic degenerative diseases, such as coronary artery disease, arthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's, macular degeneration, cataract and cancer. These have a long latency period before symptoms appear and a diagnosis is made. It follows that the majority of apparently healthy people are pre-ill.

But are these conditions inevitably degenerative? A truly preventive medicine that focused on the pre-ill, analysing the metabolic errors which lead to clinical illness, might be able to correct them before the first symptom. Genetic risk factors are known for all the chronic degenerative diseases, and are important to the individuals who possess them. At the population level, however, migration studies confirm that these illnesses are linked for the most part to lifestyle factors—exercise, smoking and nutrition. Nutrition is the
easiest of these to change, and the most versatile tool for affecting the metabolic changes needed to tilt the balance away from disease.

Many national surveys reveal that malnutrition is common in developed countries. This is not the calorie and/or micronutrient deficiency associated with developing nations (Type A malnutrition); but multiple micronutrient depletion, usually combined with calorific balance or excess (Type B malnutrition). The incidence and severity of Type B malnutrition will be shown to be worse if newer micronutrient groups such as the essential fatty acids, xanthophylls and flavonoids are included in the surveys. Commonly ingested levels of these micronutrients seem to be far too low in many developed countries.

There is now considerable evidence that Type B malnutrition is a major cause of chronic degenerative diseases. If this is the case, then it is logical to treat such diseases not with drugs but with multiple micronutrient repletion, or 'pharmaco-nutrition'. This can take the form of pills and capsules-'nutraceuticals', or food formats known as 'functional foods'. This approach has been neglected hitherto because it is relatively unprofitable for drug companies-the products are hard to patent-and it is a strategy which does not sit easily with modem medical interventionism. Over the last 100 years, the drug industry has invested huge sums in developing a range of subtle and powerful drugs to treat the many diseases we are subject to. Medical training is couched in pharmaceutical terms and this approach has provided us with an exceptional range of therapeutic tools in the treatment of disease and in acute medical emergencies. However, the pharmaceutical model has also created an unhealthy dependency culture, in which relatively few of us accept responsibility for maintaining our own health. Instead, we have handed over this responsibility to health professionals who know very little about health maintenance, or disease prevention.

One problem for supporters of this argument is lack of the right kind of hard evidence. We have a wealth of epidemiological data linking dietary factors to health profiles / disease risks, and a great deal of information on mechanism: how food factors interact with our biochemistry. But almost all intervention studies with micronutrients, with the notable exception of the omega 3 fatty acids, have so far produced conflicting or negative results. In other words, our science appears to have no predictive value. Does this invalidate the science? Or are we simply asking the wrong questions?

Based on pharmaceutical thinking, most intervention studies have attempted to measure the impact of a single micronutrient on the incidence of disease. The classical approach says that if you give a compound formula to test subjects and obtain positive results, you cannot know which ingredient is exerting the benefit, so you must test each ingredient individually. But in the field of nutrition, this does not work. Each intervention on its own will hardly make enough difference to be measured. The best therapeutic response must therefore combine micronutrients to normalise our internal physiology. So do we need to analyse each individual's nutritional status and then tailor a formula specifically for him or her? While we do not have the resources to analyse millions of individual cases, there is no need to do so. The vast majority of people are consuming suboptimal amounts of most micronutrients, and most of the micronutrients concerned are very safe. Accordingly, a comprehensive and universal program of micronutrient support is probably the most cost-effective and safest way of improving

115. The author recommends micronutrient-repletion for large-scale treatment of chronic degenerative diseases because

(1) it is relatively easy to manage.
(2) micronutrient deficiency is the cause of these diseases.
(3) it can overcome genetic risk factors.
(4) it can compensate for other lifestyle factors.

116. Tailoring micronutrient-based treatment plans to suit individual deficiency profiles is not necessary because

(1) it very likely to give inconsistent or negative results.
(2) it is a classic pharmaceutical approach not suited to micronutrients.
(3) most people are consuming suboptimal amounts of safe-to consume micronutrients.
(4) it is not cost effective to do so.

117. Type-B malnutrition is a serious concern in developed countries because

(1) developing countries mainly suffer from Type-A malnutrition.
(2) it is a major contributor to illness and death.
(3) pharmaceutical companies are not producing drugs to treat this condition.
(4) national surveys on malnutrition do not include newer micronutrient groups.

118. Why are a large number of apparently healthy people deemed pre-ill?

(1) They may have chronic degenerative diseases.
(2) They do not know their own genetic risk factors which predispose them to diseases.
(3) They suffer from Type-B malnutrition.
(4) There is a lengthy latency period associated with chronically degenerative diseases.

Directions for Questions 119 and 120: The sentences given in each question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labeled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of
sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.

119. A. But this does not mean that death was the Egyptians' only preoccupation.
B. Even papyri come mainly from pyramid temples.
C. Most of our traditional sources of information about the Old Kingdom are monuments of the rich like pyramids and tombs.
D. Houses in which ordinary Egyptian lived have not been preserved, and when most people died they were buried in simple graves.
E. We know infinitely more about the wealthy people of Egypt than we do about the ordinary people, as most monuments were made for the rich.

(1) CDBEA (2) ECDAB (3) EDCBA (4) DECAB

120. A. Experts such as Larry Burns, head of research at GM, reckon that only such a full hearted leap will allow the world to cope with the mass motorization that will one day come to China or India.
B. But once hydrogen is being produced from biomass or extracted from underground coal or made
from water, using nuclear or renewable electricity, the way will be open for a huge reduction in carbon emissions from the whole system.
C. In theory, once all the bugs have been sorted out, fuel cells should deliver better total fuel economy than any existing engines.
D. That is twice as good as the internal combustion engine, but only five percentage points better than a diesel hybrid.
E. Allowing for the resources needed to extract hydrogen from hydrocarbon, oil coal or gas, the fuel cell has an efficiency of 30%.

(1) CEDBA (2) CEBDA (3) AEDBC (4) ACEBD

Directions for Questions 121 to 123: Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.

121. Local communities have often come in conflict with agents trying to exploit resources, at a faster pace, for an expanding commercial-industrial economy. More often than not, such agents of resourceintensification are given preferential treatment by the state, through the grant of generous long leases over mineral or fish stocks, for example, or the provision of raw material at an enormously subsidized price. With the injustice so compounded, local communities at the receiving end of this process have no recourse expect direct action, resisting both the state and outside exploiters through a variety of protest techniques. These struggles might perhaps be seen as a manifestation of a new kind of class conflict.

(1) A new kind of class conflict arises from preferential treatments given to agents of resourceintensification by the state, which the local community sees as unfair.
(2) The grant of long leases to agents of resource-intensification for an expanding commercialindustrial economy leads to direct protests from the local community, which sees it as unfair.
(3) Preferential treatment given by the state to agents of resource-intensification for an expanding commercial-industrial economy exacerbates injustice to local communities and leads to direct
protests from them, resulting in a new type of class conflict.
(4) Local communities have no option but to protest against agents of resource-intensification and create a new type of class conflict when they are given raw material at subsidized prices for an expanding commercial-industrial economy.

122. Although almost all climate scientists agree that the Earth is gradually warming, they have long been of two minds about the process of rapid climate shifts within larger periods of change. Some have speculated that the process works like a giant oven or freezer, warming or cooling the whole planet at the same time. Others think that shifts occur on opposing schedules in the Northern and Southern Hemisphere, like exaggerated seasons. Recent research in Germany examining climate patterns in the Southern Hemisphere at the end of the last Ice Age strengthens the idea that warming and cooling occurs at alternate times in the two hemispheres. A more definitive answer to
this debate will allow scientists to better predict when and how quickly the next climate shift will happen.

(1) Scientists have been unsure whether rapid shifts in the Earth's climate happen all at once or on opposing schedules in different hemispheres; research will help find a definitive answer and better predict climate shifts in future.
(2) Scientists have been unsure whether rapid shifts in the Earth's climate happen all at once or on opposing schedules in different hemispheres; finding a definitive answer will help them better predict climate shifts in future.
(3) Research in Germany will help scientists find a definitive answer about warming and cooling of the Earth and predict climate shifts in the future in a better manner.
(4) More research rather than debates on warming or cooling of the Earth and exaggerated seasons in its hemisphere will help scientists in Germany predict changes better in future.

123. Modern bourgeois society, said Nietzsche, was decadent and enfeebled – a victim of the excessive development of the rational faculties at the expense of will and instinct. Against the liberal-rationalist stress on the intellect, Nietzsche urged recognition of the dark mysterious world of instinctual desires – the true forces of life. Smother the will excessive intellectualizing and you destroy the spontaneity that sparks cultural creativity and ignites a zest for living. The critical and theoretical outlook destroyed the creative instincts. For man's manifold potential to be realized, he must forego relying on the intellect and nurture again the instinctual roots of human existence.

(1) Nietzsche urges the decadent and enfeebled modern society to forego intellect and give importance to creative instincts.
(2) Nietzsche urges the decadent and enfeebled modern society to smother the will with excessive intellectualizing and ignite a zest for living.
(3) Nietzsche criticizes the intellectuals for enfeebling the modern bourgeois society by not nurturing man's creative instincts.
(4) Nietzsche blames excessive intellectualization for the decline of modern society and suggests nurturing creative instincts instead.