Saturday 25 June 2016
Tuesday 21 June 2016
June 21 CR Test
bit.do/june21cr
1 Since the new publisher took control, a news magazine's covers have
featured only models and movie stars. Previously, the covers had
displayed only politicians, soldiers, and business leaders. A leading
gossip columnist claimed that the changes made the magazine relevant
again. However, many newspaper editorials disagreed and suggested that
the new publisher is more interested in boosting sales than in
reporting important news events.
Which of the following is an assumption necessary for the argument
made by the gossip columnist's opponents?
• The charitable activities of models and movie stars often focus
public attention on pressing problems.
• Final authority for choosing the cover subject of the magazine lies
with the publisher.
• A magazine can boost sales while highlighting the coverage of
important world leaders.
• Some of the movie stars featured are now running for political office.
• Magazine issues with models or movie stars on the covers are
purchased at a rate more than three times greater than is the case
with issues featuring politicians on the covers.
2 In response to the increasing cost of producing energy through
traditional means, such as combustion, many utility companies have
begun investing in renewable energy sources, chiefly wind and solar
power, hoping someday to rely on them completely and thus lower energy
costs. The utility companies claim that although these sources require
significant initial capital investment, they will provide stable
energy supplies at low cost. As a result, these sources will be less
risky for the utilities than nonrenewable sources, such as gas, oil,
and coal, whose prices can fluctuate dramatically according to
availability. The claim of the utility companies presupposes which of
the following?
• The public will embrace the development of wind and solar power.
• No new deposits of gas, oil, and coal will be discovered in the near future.
• Weather patterns are consistent and predictable.
• The necessary technology for conversion to wind and solar power is
not more expensive than the technology needed to create energy through
combustion.
• Obtaining energy from nonrenewable sources, such as gas, oil and
coal, cannot be made less risky.
3 Surveys consistently show that the best-selling ice cream flavor is
vanilla, although those who prefer chocolate rarely order vanilla.
Vanilla-flavored candy, then, probably sells better than
chocolate-flavored candy. Which of the following is an assumption upon
which the author of the argument relies?
• Because someone prefers vanilla ice cream does not mean he prefers
vanilla-flavored candy.
• Children who prefer vanilla ice cream also tend to like chocolate candy.
• Those who prefer neither vanilla nor chocolate ice cream also prefer
other flavors of candy.
• Someone who prefers vanilla ice cream may still order chocolate on occasion.
• Preferences for certain ice cream flavors are similar to preferences
for candy flavors.
4 The media claim that the economy is entering a phase of growth and
prosperity. They point to lower unemployment rates and increased
productivity. This analysis is false, though. The number of people
filing for bankruptcy has increased every month for the last six
months, and bankruptcy lawyers report that they are busier than they
have been in years. Which of the following is an assumption on which
the argument depends?
• Unemployment rates are not useful indicators of growth and prosperity.
• Economic growth cannot be measured in terms of productivity.
• Legislation has not been recently passed to make legal bankruptcy
easier to obtain.
• There has not been an increase in the number of bankruptcy lawyers.
• The media often misrepresent the current state of economic affairs.
5 The recording industry is fighting a losing battle: it simply does
not have the resources to prosecute all of the individuals who
illegally download music from the Internet. Because the number of
individuals who will be charged with a crime is so limited, the
actions of the recording industry will have a minimal impact on the
number of people who illegally download music. The answer to which of
the following questions would best help evaluate the accuracy of the
conclusion above?
A. Will recording industry lawyers dedicate the majority of their time
to prosecuting those who illegally download music?
B. Is a small minority of individuals responsible for the majority of
illegal song downloads?
C. Do many individuals who illegally download songs share their music
files with other Internet users?
D. Will new Internet security technology permit the recording industry
to more quickly and easily identify individuals who illegally download
music?
E. Will the threat of prosecution alter the behavior of those who
illegally download music?
6
While political discourse and the media in the United States have
focused on the rise of job outsourcing, few have mentioned the sharp
fall of talent "insourcing," or the drop in enrollment of foreign-born
graduate students since 2001, and its dire results. The decrease in
such insourcing will hurt America's competitiveness in basic research
and applied technology, with serious consequences for years to come.
The de-internationalization of graduate programs across the country
will also negatively affect the global outlook and experience of the
American students remaining in those programs; they will not have the
opportunity to learn about foreign cultures directly from members of
those cultures. What distinguishes the decline of talent insourcing
from the rise of job outsourcing is that the former can be easily
rectified by a policy change of the United States government. The
answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in
evaluating the author's claim regarding the impact of decreased
insourcing in America?
A. What is the cost to reverse the trend of insourcing in America?
B. How does insourcing replace domestic jobs lost from outsourcing?
C. Since 2001, what has been the decrease in the number of
foreign-born students in America?
D. What opportunities do American graduate students have to interact
regularly with foreigners who are not students?
E. What effect would a government policy have on the number of foreign
graduate students?
7 Most cable television companies currently require customers to
subscribe to packages of channels, but consumer groups have recently
proposed legislation that would force the companies to offer a la
carte pricing. Subscribers would pay less, argue the consumer groups,
because they could purchase only the desired channels. However, the
cable industry argues that under the current package pricing, popular
channels subsidize less-popular ones, providing more options for
viewers. For this reason, the industry claims that it is always
cheaper for the consumer to purchase many bundled channels than to buy
them individually. Which of the following would be most important for
the government to determine before deciding whether to require cable
television companies to offer a la carte pricing in order to reduce
consumer costs?
A. Whether the total number of channels offered to consumers would
decrease, along with programming diversity, as a result of the a la
carte pricing structure
B. Whether advertising revenue for the cable television companies
would decrease as a result of the a la carte pricing structure
C. Whether the vast majority of consumers would greatly reduce the
number of channels purchased if given the option of purchasing them
individually
D. Whether cable and satellite companies currently have the ability to
buy channels individually from programmers and content providers
E. Whether a la carte subscribers would be required to have new
television set-top boxes
8 Child development specialists have observed that adolescents who
receive large weekly allowances tend to spend money on items
considered frivolous by their parents whereas adolescents who receive
small weekly allowances do not. Thus, in order to ensure that their
children do not spend money on frivolous items, parents should not
give their children large weekly allowances. Which of the following
pieces of information would be most useful in evaluating the validity
of the conclusion above?
A. The average amount of money received by adolescents who receive
large weekly allowances
B. Any differences among parents in the standard used to judge an item
as frivolous
C. The educational background of the child development specialists who
made this observation
D. The difference between the average annual income of families in
which the parents give their children large weekly allowances and that
of families in which the parents give their children small weekly
allowances
E. The percentage of adolescents who receive no weekly allowance
9 The downturn in the economy last year has prompted many companies to
make widely publicized layoffs, resulting in thousands of lost jobs.
Economists predicted that these layoffs would cause people generally
to cut back on their discretionary spending even if their jobs were
secure, in anticipation of coming hard times. However, this prediction
has not come to pass, since there has been no increase in the amount
of money set aside by the general public in savings accounts. The
answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in
evaluating the significance of the savings patterns described above?
A. What business sectors were most affected by the layoffs?
B. How much of their savings, on average, do laid-off employees
deplete before finding new employment?
C. What has been the percent increase in the cost of necessities such
as food, housing, and utilities during the period since the layoffs?
D. What percentage of people laid off have savings accounts?
E. What has been the average salary during the period since the layoffs?
10 Zoologists warn of an imminent surge in the number of bird species
that will become extinct within this century. Nevertheless, these
zoologists are wrong. One need only consider the information gathered
on native North American raptors, such as bald eagles and peregrine
falcons. Several of these species came close to vanishing between 1900
and 1970, but since 1970, the local populations of these raptors have
rebounded. The answer to which of the following questions provides
information that would be most helpful in evaluating the argument
above?
A. How many species of non-native raptors have been introduced into
North America since 1970?
B. What special efforts, if any, have been made to rescue native North
American raptors since 1970?
C. How many years' experience do the zoologists have in evaluating
patterns of extinction among animals?
D. To what degree have native North American raptors migrated to other
parts of the world?
E. How many acres of woodland are set aside each year as bird refuges?
1 Since the new publisher took control, a news magazine's covers have
featured only models and movie stars. Previously, the covers had
displayed only politicians, soldiers, and business leaders. A leading
gossip columnist claimed that the changes made the magazine relevant
again. However, many newspaper editorials disagreed and suggested that
the new publisher is more interested in boosting sales than in
reporting important news events.
Which of the following is an assumption necessary for the argument
made by the gossip columnist's opponents?
• The charitable activities of models and movie stars often focus
public attention on pressing problems.
• Final authority for choosing the cover subject of the magazine lies
with the publisher.
• A magazine can boost sales while highlighting the coverage of
important world leaders.
• Some of the movie stars featured are now running for political office.
• Magazine issues with models or movie stars on the covers are
purchased at a rate more than three times greater than is the case
with issues featuring politicians on the covers.
2 In response to the increasing cost of producing energy through
traditional means, such as combustion, many utility companies have
begun investing in renewable energy sources, chiefly wind and solar
power, hoping someday to rely on them completely and thus lower energy
costs. The utility companies claim that although these sources require
significant initial capital investment, they will provide stable
energy supplies at low cost. As a result, these sources will be less
risky for the utilities than nonrenewable sources, such as gas, oil,
and coal, whose prices can fluctuate dramatically according to
availability. The claim of the utility companies presupposes which of
the following?
• The public will embrace the development of wind and solar power.
• No new deposits of gas, oil, and coal will be discovered in the near future.
• Weather patterns are consistent and predictable.
• The necessary technology for conversion to wind and solar power is
not more expensive than the technology needed to create energy through
combustion.
• Obtaining energy from nonrenewable sources, such as gas, oil and
coal, cannot be made less risky.
3 Surveys consistently show that the best-selling ice cream flavor is
vanilla, although those who prefer chocolate rarely order vanilla.
Vanilla-flavored candy, then, probably sells better than
chocolate-flavored candy. Which of the following is an assumption upon
which the author of the argument relies?
• Because someone prefers vanilla ice cream does not mean he prefers
vanilla-flavored candy.
• Children who prefer vanilla ice cream also tend to like chocolate candy.
• Those who prefer neither vanilla nor chocolate ice cream also prefer
other flavors of candy.
• Someone who prefers vanilla ice cream may still order chocolate on occasion.
• Preferences for certain ice cream flavors are similar to preferences
for candy flavors.
4 The media claim that the economy is entering a phase of growth and
prosperity. They point to lower unemployment rates and increased
productivity. This analysis is false, though. The number of people
filing for bankruptcy has increased every month for the last six
months, and bankruptcy lawyers report that they are busier than they
have been in years. Which of the following is an assumption on which
the argument depends?
• Unemployment rates are not useful indicators of growth and prosperity.
• Economic growth cannot be measured in terms of productivity.
• Legislation has not been recently passed to make legal bankruptcy
easier to obtain.
• There has not been an increase in the number of bankruptcy lawyers.
• The media often misrepresent the current state of economic affairs.
5 The recording industry is fighting a losing battle: it simply does
not have the resources to prosecute all of the individuals who
illegally download music from the Internet. Because the number of
individuals who will be charged with a crime is so limited, the
actions of the recording industry will have a minimal impact on the
number of people who illegally download music. The answer to which of
the following questions would best help evaluate the accuracy of the
conclusion above?
A. Will recording industry lawyers dedicate the majority of their time
to prosecuting those who illegally download music?
B. Is a small minority of individuals responsible for the majority of
illegal song downloads?
C. Do many individuals who illegally download songs share their music
files with other Internet users?
D. Will new Internet security technology permit the recording industry
to more quickly and easily identify individuals who illegally download
music?
E. Will the threat of prosecution alter the behavior of those who
illegally download music?
6
While political discourse and the media in the United States have
focused on the rise of job outsourcing, few have mentioned the sharp
fall of talent "insourcing," or the drop in enrollment of foreign-born
graduate students since 2001, and its dire results. The decrease in
such insourcing will hurt America's competitiveness in basic research
and applied technology, with serious consequences for years to come.
The de-internationalization of graduate programs across the country
will also negatively affect the global outlook and experience of the
American students remaining in those programs; they will not have the
opportunity to learn about foreign cultures directly from members of
those cultures. What distinguishes the decline of talent insourcing
from the rise of job outsourcing is that the former can be easily
rectified by a policy change of the United States government. The
answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in
evaluating the author's claim regarding the impact of decreased
insourcing in America?
A. What is the cost to reverse the trend of insourcing in America?
B. How does insourcing replace domestic jobs lost from outsourcing?
C. Since 2001, what has been the decrease in the number of
foreign-born students in America?
D. What opportunities do American graduate students have to interact
regularly with foreigners who are not students?
E. What effect would a government policy have on the number of foreign
graduate students?
7 Most cable television companies currently require customers to
subscribe to packages of channels, but consumer groups have recently
proposed legislation that would force the companies to offer a la
carte pricing. Subscribers would pay less, argue the consumer groups,
because they could purchase only the desired channels. However, the
cable industry argues that under the current package pricing, popular
channels subsidize less-popular ones, providing more options for
viewers. For this reason, the industry claims that it is always
cheaper for the consumer to purchase many bundled channels than to buy
them individually. Which of the following would be most important for
the government to determine before deciding whether to require cable
television companies to offer a la carte pricing in order to reduce
consumer costs?
A. Whether the total number of channels offered to consumers would
decrease, along with programming diversity, as a result of the a la
carte pricing structure
B. Whether advertising revenue for the cable television companies
would decrease as a result of the a la carte pricing structure
C. Whether the vast majority of consumers would greatly reduce the
number of channels purchased if given the option of purchasing them
individually
D. Whether cable and satellite companies currently have the ability to
buy channels individually from programmers and content providers
E. Whether a la carte subscribers would be required to have new
television set-top boxes
8 Child development specialists have observed that adolescents who
receive large weekly allowances tend to spend money on items
considered frivolous by their parents whereas adolescents who receive
small weekly allowances do not. Thus, in order to ensure that their
children do not spend money on frivolous items, parents should not
give their children large weekly allowances. Which of the following
pieces of information would be most useful in evaluating the validity
of the conclusion above?
A. The average amount of money received by adolescents who receive
large weekly allowances
B. Any differences among parents in the standard used to judge an item
as frivolous
C. The educational background of the child development specialists who
made this observation
D. The difference between the average annual income of families in
which the parents give their children large weekly allowances and that
of families in which the parents give their children small weekly
allowances
E. The percentage of adolescents who receive no weekly allowance
9 The downturn in the economy last year has prompted many companies to
make widely publicized layoffs, resulting in thousands of lost jobs.
Economists predicted that these layoffs would cause people generally
to cut back on their discretionary spending even if their jobs were
secure, in anticipation of coming hard times. However, this prediction
has not come to pass, since there has been no increase in the amount
of money set aside by the general public in savings accounts. The
answer to which of the following questions would be most useful in
evaluating the significance of the savings patterns described above?
A. What business sectors were most affected by the layoffs?
B. How much of their savings, on average, do laid-off employees
deplete before finding new employment?
C. What has been the percent increase in the cost of necessities such
as food, housing, and utilities during the period since the layoffs?
D. What percentage of people laid off have savings accounts?
E. What has been the average salary during the period since the layoffs?
10 Zoologists warn of an imminent surge in the number of bird species
that will become extinct within this century. Nevertheless, these
zoologists are wrong. One need only consider the information gathered
on native North American raptors, such as bald eagles and peregrine
falcons. Several of these species came close to vanishing between 1900
and 1970, but since 1970, the local populations of these raptors have
rebounded. The answer to which of the following questions provides
information that would be most helpful in evaluating the argument
above?
A. How many species of non-native raptors have been introduced into
North America since 1970?
B. What special efforts, if any, have been made to rescue native North
American raptors since 1970?
C. How many years' experience do the zoologists have in evaluating
patterns of extinction among animals?
D. To what degree have native North American raptors migrated to other
parts of the world?
E. How many acres of woodland are set aside each year as bird refuges?
PC Exercise
A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
A man can live for three days without bread, but no man can live for
one day without poetry, was an
aphorism of Baudelaire. You can live without pictures and music but
you cannot live without eating,
says the author of Dinners and Dishes; and this latter view is, no
doubt, the more popular. Who,
indeed, in these degenerate days would hesitate between an ode and an
omelette, a sonnet and a
salmis? Yet, the position is not entirely philistine; cookery is an
art; are not its principles the subject
of South Kensington lectures, and does not the Royal Academy give a
banquet once a year?
Besides, as the coming democracy will, no doubt, insist on feeding us
all on penny dinners, it is
well that the laws of cookery should be explained.
_____________________________________
(a) There are twenty ways of cooking a potato and three hundred and
sixty-five ways of cooking an
egg; our cooks, up to the present moment, know only three methods of
sending up either one or
the other.
(b) For were the national meal burned, or badly seasoned, or served up
with the wrong sauce a
dreadful revolution might follow.
(c) The real difficulty that we all have to face in life is not so
much the science of cookery as the
stupidity of cooks.
(d) For a bad cook is a foolish woman who should be turned for her
iniquities into a pillar of salt
which she never knows how to use.
50. A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
'Everyone feels abandoned at a psychic level', I am told. But for
children whose biological parents
have died or left them with distant family members or institutions,
being dumped and passed on
from one reluctant relative to the other is a stark reality. It is one
that permeates their being in ways
that cannot even be imagined. For girls, it would seem, being unwanted
is the default setting. But for
adopted girls, ironically, loss and rejection from one side and being
warmly embraced from the other
go almost hand in hand._____________________________________________
(a) Despite the insecurity of the first few years of life, they are
open and trusting for the most part.
(b) With the knowledge of having been cast off by their biological
families, they are enveloped, soon
after, by the deep desire of adoptive parents to nurture.
(c) Adoptive parents have to furnish all manner of proof that they are
worthy parents.
(d) Indeed, adoptive parents live with their yearning for children for
many years before it can become
a reality.
A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
This week, Tom Donilon, the US national security advisor, laid out a
detailed Asia plan for Obama's
second administration. The speech, much awaited in Asia, turned out to
be short on specifics and
long on strategic vision. For every country east of India, parsing
through that speech, we were no
wiser about how deep Obama's "pivoted" footprint in Asia is going to
be. We learnt all that was
usual. In the past year, the US has nuanced its Asia pivot from being
the robust variety espoused by
Hillary Clinton to a more cautious one by John Kerry.
_____________________________________
(a) Donilon took time to set out the contours of other relationships
including India.
(b) This comes a couple of years after Barack Obama's chastening
experience with a US-China 'G-
2'.
(c) Obama brings a new flavour to this new strategy.
(d) Donilon, who really speaks for the president, stayed towards the
cautious, continuing the thread
of Obama's light footprint, moderate foreign policy.
A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
My lapse from faith occurred as is usual among people on our level of
education. In most cases, I
think, it happens thus: a man lives like everybody else, on the basis
of principles not merely having
nothing in common with religious doctrine, but generally opposed to
it; religious doctrine does not
play a part in life, in interaction with others it is never
encountered, and in a man's own life he never
has to reckon with it. Religious doctrine is professed far away from
life and independently of it.
________________
(a) It will often happen, perhaps from the nature of things, that it
is impossible to master and
express a religious idea.
(b) In the view of doctrinal developments in general, it cannot be
denied that those which relate to
the objects of faith have a character of their own, and must be
considered separately.
(c) If it is encountered, it is only as an external phenomenon
disconnected from life.
(d) It is the most difficult thing to contemplate upon.
A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
For the reader, however, the novel always begins with that opening
sentence (which may not, of
course, be the first sentence the novelist originally wrote). And then
the next sentence, and then the
sentence after that — When does the beginning of a novel end, is
another difficult question to
answer. Is it the first paragraph, the first few pages, or the first
chapter? However one defines it, the
beginning of a novel is a threshold, separating the real world we
inhabit from the world the novelist
has imagined. ________________
(a) The question is almost as difficult to answer as the question,
when does the human embryo
become a person?
(b) It should therefore, as the phrase goes, "draw us in".
(c) There are, of course, many other ways of beginning a novel.
(d) A novel can provide different perspectives on the same event - but
only one at a time.
A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
Ganesh Pyne, the soft-spoken, gentle-mannered painter based in
Kolkata, was a paradox. The
more the demand for his temperas and water-colours soared in the 1980s
and 1990s, the more he
shrank from the glare of publicity. The galloping prices of his works
made him inversely insecure.
Over a period of time, he painted a series called Performers, where
the artist is shown as a clown,
an entertainer, and a performing animal attempting to please patrons.
Pyne had a modern mind with
a taste for modern poetry, theatre and cinema. ________________
(a) But he nurtured deep within him a mythic imagination.
(b) In the course of my very first interview with Ganesh Pyne, the
artist had stated that he was
obsessed with death.
(c) His paintings that evoke intimations of mortality will continue to haunt us.
(d) What made him a great artist was that he counterbalanced the
darkening mood of his paintings
with some source of light.
1. A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
That is when you stop laughing and start worrying about a team that
was virtually invincible in Test
cricket from the early Nineties to mid-2005 when Australia surrendered
the Ashes to England in a
stirring series at the home of cricket. The setback was followed by
yet another period of domination
up till 2008 after which Australian cricket went into a tailspin and
continues to hurtle from one
disaster to another. Ironically, Arthur seems to have woken up to the
reality only after his team found
itself 0-2 down in the series after playing some pretty ordinary
cricket. _______________
(a) He handed out 'homework' that was meant to make players more
responsible for their own
deeds and improve on-field performances.
(b) The coach had himself shunned doing his own bit prior to the
opening Test match against
India in Chennai.
(c) Both Arthur and skipper Michael Clarke surely need to tell cricket
lovers what prompted their
bizarre decision making that was bound to backfire on them.
(d) He owes his position of eminence to the Argus report that
recommended an enhanced role for
the coach.
1. A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
But the biggest change was recording the sound on the new,
multi-channel Dolby Stereo that could
be played to great effect even in small theatres with the old mono
sound system. Allen and his team
convinced more than 40 theatres to upgrade their audio systems, but
the advantage was that the
new technology could be adapted to the old set-up. The sound thrilled
and the successes of Star
Wars and Close Encounters of The Third Kind gave way to more
inventions, though Allen's focus
remains on creating new technology that is compatible with older
formats. _______________
(a) The 73-year-old, who is currently in India, has been instrumental
in several major sound
engineering innovations in Hollywood.
(b) It's never been easy to convince hard-nosed studio executives and
tight-fisted theatre owners
of the benefits of the new technology.
(c) Over the years, Allen and his colleagues had struck up a personal
equation with the more
powerful filmmakers and producers.
(d) Studio heads have said that the old sound system was not good enough.
1. A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
It is precisely this effect that Satya Paul hoped Masaba's touch would
generate when it hired her as
fashion director last November. With her, the 28-year old fashion
brand, traditionally patronised by
older women, wants to break into the youth segment. "I think the
reason I was chosen for the job is
that I am a gutsy designer. I am fearless in my choice of prints,
colours and presentation," said
Masaba. Love for prints is another thing that connects the brand to
her. But her choice is more edgy
and quirky. _______________
(a) These motifs she chooses represent the journey of a woman.
(b) Eclectic prints, however, are nothing new to fashion, not even in India.
(c) Satya Paul appeals both to the young and those who desperately
want to look young.
(d) Palms, cows, cameras, timepieces are some wacky motifs that have
been spotted on her
creations, especially saris.
A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
The recent decision of the government of India to impose a moratorium
on the release of Bt-Brinjal
has been hailed by civil society and scientists alike as a victory for
transparency and has demonstrated
that the government is responsive to societal demands. This decision
is also important since it
could set a precedent within environmental regulation with reference
to technologies with significant
environmental risks.
(a) This establishes a clear case for ensuring legal certainty in
environmental regulations especially
in the case of technologies with significant risks attached to it.
(b) The process of arriving at this decision had also attracted a fair
share of media attention, given
its 'sensational' nature.
(c) However, the decision also reflects a clear departure from
procedure and its legal basis is
tenuous and therefore the risk of it being reversed remains.
(d) The world is waiting, with fingers crossed (or pointed?), as to
what this decision would mean for
farmers across the world.
1
Ans-b
The author of the passage writes his take on the
book Dinners and Dishes. Although, at first glance it
appears as if the author of this passage supports the
views of the book, a closer examination tells us that
it is indeed the opposite. The author writes in a
sarcastic tone. He comments on the absurdity of the
idea that food can be as much as, and even more
important than art forms like poetry. He attacks by
exaggerating the importance of mention of cookery in
South Kensington lectures and by talking about the
Royal Academy's banquets. He proceeds to talk about
the coming democracy feeding people on penny
dinners and this makes the laws of cookery being
explained essential. The sentence that would best
complete the passage should also be in the same
sarcastic tone. Option (b) does that and states that if
the national meal gets burned or is badly seasoned, a
dreadful revolution might follow- again an
exaggeration as this gives badly cooked food status
of a national emergency. Option (a) talks about the
incompetence of cooks as they do not know all the
ways of cooking. This is unconnected to the last line
and is hence incorrect. All the three options apart
from (b) can be eliminated as they shift focus from
the review of the book and 'art of cookery' and also
change the tone of the passage.
2
Ans-b
The tone throughout the paragraph is negative.
However, the last sentence turns towards the positive.
How the loss and rejection that adopted girls face
from their biological parents and the warmth they
receive from the adopting parents go hand in hand is
elaborated upon in option (b). Thus, option (b) is the
correct answer. Option (a) can be ruled out as it
discusses the early years of an adopted girl which is
not related to the last line of the passage. Options (c)
and (d) focus on the adoptive parents, whereas the
paragraph focuses on the child and her emotions/
thoughts. Thus, both of these options can be
eliminated.
3
Ans - d
The paragraph indicates that specific details on
Obama's Asia plan were not revealed in a recent
speech by Tom Donilon. Countries that lie east of
India did not obtain any further information on the US
administration's plan for Asia through Donilon's
speech. The last line talks about the speeches made
in the past that ranged from being robust (that of
Hillary Clinton) to cautious (that of John Kerry). This
should be followed by a statement that talks of
Donilon's speech in light of these past speeches.
Option (d) fits the bill as it states that Donilon's speech
was more towards the cautious. Option (a) indicates
that Donilon elaborated on relationships with other
countries. This can be ruled out because it goes
against the information in the passage which states
that no specific details were given. Option (b) is
incorrect because it links the US' Asia plan with a
specific experience at the US-China G-2. There is
nothing in the passage that suggests such a link.
Option (c) is incorrect because the passage
discusses the Asia plan of the Obama administration
as drafted by Donilon and so Obama cannot bring a
"new flavor to this strategy". Moreover, there is no
antecedent for 'this strategy' in the passage. Option
(d) is the correct answer.
4
AnS (c). In the given paragraph, the author says that for any
human being, the interaction with the religion or
religious doctrine does not happen every day. Option
(c) is in accordance with the given idea as it says that
these interactions are disconnected from life. Option
(a) is incorrect because the author is trying to explain
'religious doctrine' per se and is not talking about
expressing a religious idea. Option (b) is incorrect as
the author specifically refers to religious doctrine and
not to doctrinal developments in general. Option (d) is
inappropriate because the author is not talking about
the difficulty or ease with which religious doctrine
can be understood. He is trying to elucidate the fact
that a human being does not encounter religion or
religious doctrine while performing his daily activities
as this phenomenon is disconnected from us and our
lives. Hence, option (c) is correct.
5
AnS (b). Option (b) is the most suitable choice as the author
talks about 'threshold' in the previous sentence which
indicates 'an entry into something'. The phrase 'draw
us in' further reemphasizes the point of 'entrance into
something' and hence is the correct choice. Option (a)
is incorrect as it talks about the question while the
author has already begun to answer the question in
the last statement of the paragraph. Option (c) could
be a start of another paragraph as it begins to give
more details about ways of beginning a novel. Option
(d) is not related to the 'beginning of a novel' as it talks
about 'perspectives' a novel can provide. Hence, option
(b) is correct.
6
Ans (a). In the first sentence, it is stated that Ganesh Pyne
was a paradox. The next two sentences substantiate
this statement. In the last sentence, the author states
that Pyne had a modern mind. Option (a) logically
follows the paragraph because it states paradoxically
that Pyne's mind was also filled with mythic (fictitious,
dealing in a prehistoric period) imagination. Option (a)
also follows the full circle approach by bringing the
reader back to the assertion made in the first sentence
– that Pyne was a paradox. Options (b), (c) and (d)
are incorrect because they do not substantiate the
central theme that Pyne was a paradox nor do these
statements substantiate the last sentence that Pyne
had a modern mind.
7
Ans.(a). The option that logically completes the paragraph
should either conclude the paragraph or substantiate
the last sentence. Option (a) helps understand how
"Arthur seems to have woken up to the reality" since
it states what Arthur is doing now (handing out
homework 'that was meant to make players more
responsible') to bring the Australian cricket back in
shape. Option (b) can be ruled out because it logically
goes against the last sentence which states that Arthur
seems to have woken up to the harsh reality. There is
a disconnect between the paragraph and option (c)
as the passage doesn't talk about any decision made
by Arthur and skipper Clarke that can be termed as a
bizarre decision. Option (d) is incorrect because it
goes beyond the scope of the paragraph to discuss
Arthur's position of eminence. Hence, option (a) is the
correct answer.
8
.Ans. (b). The correct option should either sum up the entire
paragraph or elaborate upon the last line of the
paragraph. Option (b) does the latter and is hence the
correct option. The author begins by talking of one
technological innovation that Allen brought about in
the field of sound engineering. He adds in the last line
that Allen's focus is on creating new technology that
is compatible with older formats. Option (b) gives a
reason for this by mentioning about the difficulty in
convincing hard-nosed executives and tight-fisted
theatre owners of the benefits of the new technology.
The author has already talked of one new technology
created by Allen and his team. Option (a), which states
that he has been instrumental in several major sound
engineering innovations in Hollywood, doesn't add
anything new to the paragraph. Thus, it is more of an
introductory sentence and doesn't fit in logically at the
end of the paragraph. Option (c) doesn't connect with
the last line of the paragraph as the paragraph doesn't
talk of or hint at the personal equation of Allen with
powerful filmmakers and producers. Option (d) can
be ruled out since the focus in option (d) has shifted
from Allen and his technological innovations to studio
heads that have not been mentioned in the paragraph
before. Thus, option (b) is the correct answer.
9
.Ans.(d). The main focus of the paragraph is on Masaba and
her aesthetic sensibilities. Option (d) is the answer as
it elaborates on how Masaba's choice is edgy and
quirky. Option (a) is incorrect because there is no
antecedent in the paragraph for the pronoun 'these' in
option (a). Option (b) is incorrect because it moves
into the more general discussion on eclectic prints in
Indian fashion, which is completely out of context with
the given paragraph. The paragraph focuses on
Masaba and her choice. Option (c) goes back to Satya
Paul and the segment it appeals to. There's nothing in
the paragraph or the option that signals this shift and
hence option (c) is disconnected with the paragraph.
Option (d) is the correct answer, taking the "edgy and
quirky" theme forward with examples of "wacky"
motifs.
10
Ans.(c). The key to this answer is the word 'however' at the
beginning of option (c). This word marks the shift in
the author's tone from appreciation of the government's
decision to an observation of possible outcomes of
this decision. Option (a) looks close, but it brings in the
concept of legal certainty in environmental regulations.
The precedent to 'This' in the beginning of the sentence
is also not very clear. The passage is applauding a
certain decision. Option (a) seems to be an abrupt
shift as it says that this indicates that we need to
establish legal certainty in regulations. There are no
grounds in the passage on which we can base this
assertion. Option (d) presents a very bleak picture
and is inconsistent with the flow of the paragraph.
Option (b) brings up an altogether different issue –
that of media attention. The word "sensational' in this
option is too far-fetched.
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
A man can live for three days without bread, but no man can live for
one day without poetry, was an
aphorism of Baudelaire. You can live without pictures and music but
you cannot live without eating,
says the author of Dinners and Dishes; and this latter view is, no
doubt, the more popular. Who,
indeed, in these degenerate days would hesitate between an ode and an
omelette, a sonnet and a
salmis? Yet, the position is not entirely philistine; cookery is an
art; are not its principles the subject
of South Kensington lectures, and does not the Royal Academy give a
banquet once a year?
Besides, as the coming democracy will, no doubt, insist on feeding us
all on penny dinners, it is
well that the laws of cookery should be explained.
_____________________________________
(a) There are twenty ways of cooking a potato and three hundred and
sixty-five ways of cooking an
egg; our cooks, up to the present moment, know only three methods of
sending up either one or
the other.
(b) For were the national meal burned, or badly seasoned, or served up
with the wrong sauce a
dreadful revolution might follow.
(c) The real difficulty that we all have to face in life is not so
much the science of cookery as the
stupidity of cooks.
(d) For a bad cook is a foolish woman who should be turned for her
iniquities into a pillar of salt
which she never knows how to use.
50. A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
'Everyone feels abandoned at a psychic level', I am told. But for
children whose biological parents
have died or left them with distant family members or institutions,
being dumped and passed on
from one reluctant relative to the other is a stark reality. It is one
that permeates their being in ways
that cannot even be imagined. For girls, it would seem, being unwanted
is the default setting. But for
adopted girls, ironically, loss and rejection from one side and being
warmly embraced from the other
go almost hand in hand._____________________________________________
(a) Despite the insecurity of the first few years of life, they are
open and trusting for the most part.
(b) With the knowledge of having been cast off by their biological
families, they are enveloped, soon
after, by the deep desire of adoptive parents to nurture.
(c) Adoptive parents have to furnish all manner of proof that they are
worthy parents.
(d) Indeed, adoptive parents live with their yearning for children for
many years before it can become
a reality.
A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
This week, Tom Donilon, the US national security advisor, laid out a
detailed Asia plan for Obama's
second administration. The speech, much awaited in Asia, turned out to
be short on specifics and
long on strategic vision. For every country east of India, parsing
through that speech, we were no
wiser about how deep Obama's "pivoted" footprint in Asia is going to
be. We learnt all that was
usual. In the past year, the US has nuanced its Asia pivot from being
the robust variety espoused by
Hillary Clinton to a more cautious one by John Kerry.
_____________________________________
(a) Donilon took time to set out the contours of other relationships
including India.
(b) This comes a couple of years after Barack Obama's chastening
experience with a US-China 'G-
2'.
(c) Obama brings a new flavour to this new strategy.
(d) Donilon, who really speaks for the president, stayed towards the
cautious, continuing the thread
of Obama's light footprint, moderate foreign policy.
A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
My lapse from faith occurred as is usual among people on our level of
education. In most cases, I
think, it happens thus: a man lives like everybody else, on the basis
of principles not merely having
nothing in common with religious doctrine, but generally opposed to
it; religious doctrine does not
play a part in life, in interaction with others it is never
encountered, and in a man's own life he never
has to reckon with it. Religious doctrine is professed far away from
life and independently of it.
________________
(a) It will often happen, perhaps from the nature of things, that it
is impossible to master and
express a religious idea.
(b) In the view of doctrinal developments in general, it cannot be
denied that those which relate to
the objects of faith have a character of their own, and must be
considered separately.
(c) If it is encountered, it is only as an external phenomenon
disconnected from life.
(d) It is the most difficult thing to contemplate upon.
A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
For the reader, however, the novel always begins with that opening
sentence (which may not, of
course, be the first sentence the novelist originally wrote). And then
the next sentence, and then the
sentence after that — When does the beginning of a novel end, is
another difficult question to
answer. Is it the first paragraph, the first few pages, or the first
chapter? However one defines it, the
beginning of a novel is a threshold, separating the real world we
inhabit from the world the novelist
has imagined. ________________
(a) The question is almost as difficult to answer as the question,
when does the human embryo
become a person?
(b) It should therefore, as the phrase goes, "draw us in".
(c) There are, of course, many other ways of beginning a novel.
(d) A novel can provide different perspectives on the same event - but
only one at a time.
A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
Ganesh Pyne, the soft-spoken, gentle-mannered painter based in
Kolkata, was a paradox. The
more the demand for his temperas and water-colours soared in the 1980s
and 1990s, the more he
shrank from the glare of publicity. The galloping prices of his works
made him inversely insecure.
Over a period of time, he painted a series called Performers, where
the artist is shown as a clown,
an entertainer, and a performing animal attempting to please patrons.
Pyne had a modern mind with
a taste for modern poetry, theatre and cinema. ________________
(a) But he nurtured deep within him a mythic imagination.
(b) In the course of my very first interview with Ganesh Pyne, the
artist had stated that he was
obsessed with death.
(c) His paintings that evoke intimations of mortality will continue to haunt us.
(d) What made him a great artist was that he counterbalanced the
darkening mood of his paintings
with some source of light.
1. A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
That is when you stop laughing and start worrying about a team that
was virtually invincible in Test
cricket from the early Nineties to mid-2005 when Australia surrendered
the Ashes to England in a
stirring series at the home of cricket. The setback was followed by
yet another period of domination
up till 2008 after which Australian cricket went into a tailspin and
continues to hurtle from one
disaster to another. Ironically, Arthur seems to have woken up to the
reality only after his team found
itself 0-2 down in the series after playing some pretty ordinary
cricket. _______________
(a) He handed out 'homework' that was meant to make players more
responsible for their own
deeds and improve on-field performances.
(b) The coach had himself shunned doing his own bit prior to the
opening Test match against
India in Chennai.
(c) Both Arthur and skipper Michael Clarke surely need to tell cricket
lovers what prompted their
bizarre decision making that was bound to backfire on them.
(d) He owes his position of eminence to the Argus report that
recommended an enhanced role for
the coach.
1. A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
But the biggest change was recording the sound on the new,
multi-channel Dolby Stereo that could
be played to great effect even in small theatres with the old mono
sound system. Allen and his team
convinced more than 40 theatres to upgrade their audio systems, but
the advantage was that the
new technology could be adapted to the old set-up. The sound thrilled
and the successes of Star
Wars and Close Encounters of The Third Kind gave way to more
inventions, though Allen's focus
remains on creating new technology that is compatible with older
formats. _______________
(a) The 73-year-old, who is currently in India, has been instrumental
in several major sound
engineering innovations in Hollywood.
(b) It's never been easy to convince hard-nosed studio executives and
tight-fisted theatre owners
of the benefits of the new technology.
(c) Over the years, Allen and his colleagues had struck up a personal
equation with the more
powerful filmmakers and producers.
(d) Studio heads have said that the old sound system was not good enough.
1. A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
It is precisely this effect that Satya Paul hoped Masaba's touch would
generate when it hired her as
fashion director last November. With her, the 28-year old fashion
brand, traditionally patronised by
older women, wants to break into the youth segment. "I think the
reason I was chosen for the job is
that I am a gutsy designer. I am fearless in my choice of prints,
colours and presentation," said
Masaba. Love for prints is another thing that connects the brand to
her. But her choice is more edgy
and quirky. _______________
(a) These motifs she chooses represent the journey of a woman.
(b) Eclectic prints, however, are nothing new to fashion, not even in India.
(c) Satya Paul appeals both to the young and those who desperately
want to look young.
(d) Palms, cows, cameras, timepieces are some wacky motifs that have
been spotted on her
creations, especially saris.
A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options,
choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way.
The recent decision of the government of India to impose a moratorium
on the release of Bt-Brinjal
has been hailed by civil society and scientists alike as a victory for
transparency and has demonstrated
that the government is responsive to societal demands. This decision
is also important since it
could set a precedent within environmental regulation with reference
to technologies with significant
environmental risks.
(a) This establishes a clear case for ensuring legal certainty in
environmental regulations especially
in the case of technologies with significant risks attached to it.
(b) The process of arriving at this decision had also attracted a fair
share of media attention, given
its 'sensational' nature.
(c) However, the decision also reflects a clear departure from
procedure and its legal basis is
tenuous and therefore the risk of it being reversed remains.
(d) The world is waiting, with fingers crossed (or pointed?), as to
what this decision would mean for
farmers across the world.
1
Ans-b
The author of the passage writes his take on the
book Dinners and Dishes. Although, at first glance it
appears as if the author of this passage supports the
views of the book, a closer examination tells us that
it is indeed the opposite. The author writes in a
sarcastic tone. He comments on the absurdity of the
idea that food can be as much as, and even more
important than art forms like poetry. He attacks by
exaggerating the importance of mention of cookery in
South Kensington lectures and by talking about the
Royal Academy's banquets. He proceeds to talk about
the coming democracy feeding people on penny
dinners and this makes the laws of cookery being
explained essential. The sentence that would best
complete the passage should also be in the same
sarcastic tone. Option (b) does that and states that if
the national meal gets burned or is badly seasoned, a
dreadful revolution might follow- again an
exaggeration as this gives badly cooked food status
of a national emergency. Option (a) talks about the
incompetence of cooks as they do not know all the
ways of cooking. This is unconnected to the last line
and is hence incorrect. All the three options apart
from (b) can be eliminated as they shift focus from
the review of the book and 'art of cookery' and also
change the tone of the passage.
2
Ans-b
The tone throughout the paragraph is negative.
However, the last sentence turns towards the positive.
How the loss and rejection that adopted girls face
from their biological parents and the warmth they
receive from the adopting parents go hand in hand is
elaborated upon in option (b). Thus, option (b) is the
correct answer. Option (a) can be ruled out as it
discusses the early years of an adopted girl which is
not related to the last line of the passage. Options (c)
and (d) focus on the adoptive parents, whereas the
paragraph focuses on the child and her emotions/
thoughts. Thus, both of these options can be
eliminated.
3
Ans - d
The paragraph indicates that specific details on
Obama's Asia plan were not revealed in a recent
speech by Tom Donilon. Countries that lie east of
India did not obtain any further information on the US
administration's plan for Asia through Donilon's
speech. The last line talks about the speeches made
in the past that ranged from being robust (that of
Hillary Clinton) to cautious (that of John Kerry). This
should be followed by a statement that talks of
Donilon's speech in light of these past speeches.
Option (d) fits the bill as it states that Donilon's speech
was more towards the cautious. Option (a) indicates
that Donilon elaborated on relationships with other
countries. This can be ruled out because it goes
against the information in the passage which states
that no specific details were given. Option (b) is
incorrect because it links the US' Asia plan with a
specific experience at the US-China G-2. There is
nothing in the passage that suggests such a link.
Option (c) is incorrect because the passage
discusses the Asia plan of the Obama administration
as drafted by Donilon and so Obama cannot bring a
"new flavor to this strategy". Moreover, there is no
antecedent for 'this strategy' in the passage. Option
(d) is the correct answer.
4
AnS (c). In the given paragraph, the author says that for any
human being, the interaction with the religion or
religious doctrine does not happen every day. Option
(c) is in accordance with the given idea as it says that
these interactions are disconnected from life. Option
(a) is incorrect because the author is trying to explain
'religious doctrine' per se and is not talking about
expressing a religious idea. Option (b) is incorrect as
the author specifically refers to religious doctrine and
not to doctrinal developments in general. Option (d) is
inappropriate because the author is not talking about
the difficulty or ease with which religious doctrine
can be understood. He is trying to elucidate the fact
that a human being does not encounter religion or
religious doctrine while performing his daily activities
as this phenomenon is disconnected from us and our
lives. Hence, option (c) is correct.
5
AnS (b). Option (b) is the most suitable choice as the author
talks about 'threshold' in the previous sentence which
indicates 'an entry into something'. The phrase 'draw
us in' further reemphasizes the point of 'entrance into
something' and hence is the correct choice. Option (a)
is incorrect as it talks about the question while the
author has already begun to answer the question in
the last statement of the paragraph. Option (c) could
be a start of another paragraph as it begins to give
more details about ways of beginning a novel. Option
(d) is not related to the 'beginning of a novel' as it talks
about 'perspectives' a novel can provide. Hence, option
(b) is correct.
6
Ans (a). In the first sentence, it is stated that Ganesh Pyne
was a paradox. The next two sentences substantiate
this statement. In the last sentence, the author states
that Pyne had a modern mind. Option (a) logically
follows the paragraph because it states paradoxically
that Pyne's mind was also filled with mythic (fictitious,
dealing in a prehistoric period) imagination. Option (a)
also follows the full circle approach by bringing the
reader back to the assertion made in the first sentence
– that Pyne was a paradox. Options (b), (c) and (d)
are incorrect because they do not substantiate the
central theme that Pyne was a paradox nor do these
statements substantiate the last sentence that Pyne
had a modern mind.
7
Ans.(a). The option that logically completes the paragraph
should either conclude the paragraph or substantiate
the last sentence. Option (a) helps understand how
"Arthur seems to have woken up to the reality" since
it states what Arthur is doing now (handing out
homework 'that was meant to make players more
responsible') to bring the Australian cricket back in
shape. Option (b) can be ruled out because it logically
goes against the last sentence which states that Arthur
seems to have woken up to the harsh reality. There is
a disconnect between the paragraph and option (c)
as the passage doesn't talk about any decision made
by Arthur and skipper Clarke that can be termed as a
bizarre decision. Option (d) is incorrect because it
goes beyond the scope of the paragraph to discuss
Arthur's position of eminence. Hence, option (a) is the
correct answer.
8
.Ans. (b). The correct option should either sum up the entire
paragraph or elaborate upon the last line of the
paragraph. Option (b) does the latter and is hence the
correct option. The author begins by talking of one
technological innovation that Allen brought about in
the field of sound engineering. He adds in the last line
that Allen's focus is on creating new technology that
is compatible with older formats. Option (b) gives a
reason for this by mentioning about the difficulty in
convincing hard-nosed executives and tight-fisted
theatre owners of the benefits of the new technology.
The author has already talked of one new technology
created by Allen and his team. Option (a), which states
that he has been instrumental in several major sound
engineering innovations in Hollywood, doesn't add
anything new to the paragraph. Thus, it is more of an
introductory sentence and doesn't fit in logically at the
end of the paragraph. Option (c) doesn't connect with
the last line of the paragraph as the paragraph doesn't
talk of or hint at the personal equation of Allen with
powerful filmmakers and producers. Option (d) can
be ruled out since the focus in option (d) has shifted
from Allen and his technological innovations to studio
heads that have not been mentioned in the paragraph
before. Thus, option (b) is the correct answer.
9
.Ans.(d). The main focus of the paragraph is on Masaba and
her aesthetic sensibilities. Option (d) is the answer as
it elaborates on how Masaba's choice is edgy and
quirky. Option (a) is incorrect because there is no
antecedent in the paragraph for the pronoun 'these' in
option (a). Option (b) is incorrect because it moves
into the more general discussion on eclectic prints in
Indian fashion, which is completely out of context with
the given paragraph. The paragraph focuses on
Masaba and her choice. Option (c) goes back to Satya
Paul and the segment it appeals to. There's nothing in
the paragraph or the option that signals this shift and
hence option (c) is disconnected with the paragraph.
Option (d) is the correct answer, taking the "edgy and
quirky" theme forward with examples of "wacky"
motifs.
10
Ans.(c). The key to this answer is the word 'however' at the
beginning of option (c). This word marks the shift in
the author's tone from appreciation of the government's
decision to an observation of possible outcomes of
this decision. Option (a) looks close, but it brings in the
concept of legal certainty in environmental regulations.
The precedent to 'This' in the beginning of the sentence
is also not very clear. The passage is applauding a
certain decision. Option (a) seems to be an abrupt
shift as it says that this indicates that we need to
establish legal certainty in regulations. There are no
grounds in the passage on which we can base this
assertion. Option (d) presents a very bleak picture
and is inconsistent with the flow of the paragraph.
Option (b) brings up an altogether different issue –
that of media attention. The word "sensational' in this
option is too far-fetched.
Monday 20 June 2016
Sunday 19 June 2016
June 20 RC #1
One of the criteria by which we judge the vitality of a style of
painting is its ability to renew itself — its responsiveness to the
changing nature and quality of experience, the degree of conceptual
and formal innovation that it exhibits. By this criterion, it would
appear that the practice of abstractionism has failed to engage
creatively with the radical change in human experience in recent
decades. It has, seemingly, been unwilling to re-invent itself in
relation to the systems of artistic expression and viewers'
expectations that have developed under the impact of the mass media.
The judgement that abstractionism has slipped into 'inter gear' is
gaining endorsement, not only among discerning viewers and
practitioners of other art forms, but also among abstract painters
themselves. Like their companions elsewhere in the world,
abstractionists in India are asking themselves an overwhelming
question today: Does abstractionism have a future? The major crisis
that abstractionists face is that of revitalising their picture
surface; few have improvised any solutions beyond the ones that were
exhausted by the 1970s. Like all revolutions, whether in policies or
in art, abstractionism must now confront its moment of truth: having
begun life as a new and radical pictorial approach to experience, it
has become an entrenched orthodoxy itself. Indeed, when viewed against
a historical situation in which a variety of subversive, interactive
and richly hybrid forms are available to the art practitioner,
abstractionism assumes the remote and defiant air of an aristocracy
that has outlived its age; trammelled by formulaic conventions yet
buttressed by a rhetoric of sacred mystery, it seems condemned to
being the last citadel of the self-regarding 'fine art' tradition, the
last hurrah of painting for painting's sake.
The situation is further complicated in India by the circumstances in
which an indigenous abstractionism came into prominence here during
the 1960s. From the beginning it was propelled by the dialectic
between two motives, one revolutionary and the other conservative — it
was inaugurated as an act of emancipation from the dogmas of the
nascent Indian nation state, when art was officially viewed as an
indulgence at worst, and at best, as an instrument for the celebration
of the republic's hopes and aspirations. Having rejected these dogmas,
the pioneering abstractionists also went on to reject the various
figurative styles associated with the Santiniketan circle and others.
In such a situation, abstractionism was a revolutionary move. It led
art towards the exploration of the subconscious mind, the spiritual
quest and the possible expansion of consciousness. Indian painting
entered into a phase of self-inquiry, a meditative inner space where
cosmic symbols and non-representational images ruled. Often, the
transition from figurative idioms to abstractionist ones took place
within the same artist.
At the same time, Indian abstractionists have rarely committed
themselves wholeheartedly to a nonrepresentational idiom. They have
been preoccupied with the fundamentally metaphysical project of
aspiring to the mystical-holy without altogether renouncing the
symbolic. This has been sustained by a hereditary reluctance to give
up the murti, the inviolable iconic form, which explains why
abstractionism is marked by the conservative tendency to operate with
images from the sacred repertoire of the past. Abstractionism thus
entered India as a double-edged device in a complex cultural
transaction. Ideologically, it served as an internationalist
legitimisation of the emerging revolutionary local trends. However, on
entry, it was conscripted to serve local artistic preoccupations — a
survey of indigenous abstractionism will show that its most obvious
points of affinity with European and American abstract art were with
the more mystically oriented of the major sources of abstractionist
philosophy and practice, for instance, the Kandinsky-Klee School.
There have been no takers for Malevich's Suprematism, which militantly
rejected both the artistic forms of the past and the world of
appearances, privileging the new-minted geometric symbol as an
autonomous sign of the desire for infinity.
Against this backdrop, we can identify three major abstractionist
idioms in Indian art. The first develops from a love of the earth, and
assumes the form of a celebration of the self's dissolution in the
cosmic panorama; the landscape is no longer a realistic transcription
of the scene, but is transformed into a visionary occasion for
contemplating the cycles of decay and regeneration. The second idiom
phrases its departures from symbolic and archetypal devices as
invitations to heightened planes of awareness. Abstractionism begins
with the establishment or dissolution of the motif, which can be drawn
from diverse sources, including the hieroglyphic tablet, the Sufi
meditation dance or the Tantric diagram. The third idiom is based on
the lyric play of forms guided by gesture or allied with formal
improvisations like the assemblage. Here, sometimes, the line dividing
abstract image from patterned design or quasi-random expressive
marking may blur. The flux of forms can also be regimented through the
policies of pure colour arrangements, vector-diagrammatic spaces and
gestural design.
In this genealogy, some pure lines of descent follow their logic to
the inevitable point of extinction, others engage in
cross-fertilization, and yet others undergo mutation to maintain their
energy. However, this genealogical survey demonstrates the wave at its
crests, those points where the metaphysical and the painterly have
been fused in images of abiding potency, ideas sensuously ordained
rather than fabricated programmatically to a concept. It is equally
possible to enumerate the troughs where the two principles do not come
together, thus arriving at a very different account. Uncharitable as
it may sound, the history of Indian abstractionism records a series of
attempts to avoid the risks of abstraction by resorting to an overt
and near-generic symbolism, which many Indian abstractionists embrace
when they find themselves bereft of the imaginative energy to
negotiate the union of metaphysics and painterliness.
Such symbolism falls into a dual trap: it succumbs to the pompous
vacuity of pure metaphysics when the burden of intention is passed off
as justification; or then it is desiccated by the arid formalism of
pure painterliness, with delight in the measure of chance or pattern
guiding the execution of a painting. The ensuing conflict of purpose
stalls the progress of abstractionism in an impasse. The remarkable
Indian abstractionists are precisely those who have overcome this and
addressed themselves to the basic elements of their art with a
decisive sense of independence from prior models. In their recent
work, we see the logic of Indian abstractionism pushed almost to the
furthest it can be taken. Beyond such artists stands a lost generation
of abstractionists whose work invokes a wistful, delicate beauty but
stops there.
Abstractionism is not a universal language; it is an art that points
up the loss of a shared language of signs in society. And yet, it
affirms the possibility of its recovery through the effort of
awareness. While its rheotoric has always emphasised a call for new
forms of attention, abstractionist practice has tended to fall into a
complacent pride in its own incomprehensibility; a complacency fatal
in an ethos where vibrant new idioms compete for the viewers'
attention. Indian abstractionists ought to really return to basics, to
reformulate and replenish their understanding of the nature of the
relationship between the painted image and the world around it. But
will they abandon their favourite conceptual habits and formal
conventions, if this becomes necessary?
9. Which one of the following is not stated by the author as a reason
for abstractionism losing its vitality?
a. Abstractionism has failed to reorient itself in the context of
changing human experience.
b. Abstractionism has not considered the developments in artistic
expression that have taken place in recent times.
c. Abstractionism has not followed the path taken by all revolutions,
whether in politics or art.
d. The impact of mass media on viewers' expectations has not been
assessed, and responded to, by abstractionism.
10. Which of the following, according to the author, is the role that
abstractionism plays in a society?
a. It provides an idiom that can be understood by most members in a society.
b. It highlights the absence of a shared language of meaningful
symbols which can be recreated through greater awareness.
c. It highlights the contradictory artistic trends of revolution and
conservatism that any society needs to move forward.
d. It helps abstractionists invoke the wistful, delicate beauty that
may exist in society.
11. According to the author, which one of the following characterises
the crisis faced by abstractionism?
a. Abstractionists appear to be unable to transcend the solutions
tried out earlier.
b. Abstractionism has allowed itself to be confined by set forms and practices.
c. Abstractionists have been unable to use the multiplicity of forms
now becoming available to an artist.
d. All of the above
12. According to the author, the introduction of abstractionism was
revolutionary because it
a. celebrated the hopes and aspirants of a newly independent nation.
b. provided a new direction to Indian art, towards self-inquiry and
non-representational images.
c. managed to obtain internationalist support for the abstractionist agenda.
d. was an emancipation from the dogmas of the nascent nation state.
13. Which one of the following is not part of the author's
characterization of the conservative trend in Indian abstractionism?
a. An exploration of the subconscious mind.
b. A lack of full commitment to non-representational symbols.
c. An adherence to the symbolic while aspiring to the mystical.
d. Usage of the images of gods or similar symbols.
14. Given the author's delineation of the three abstractionist idioms
in Indian art, the third idiom can be best distinguished from the
other two idioms through its
a. depiction of nature's cyclical renewal. b. use of
non-representational images.
c. emphasis on arrangement of forms. d. limited reliance on original models.
15. According to the author, the attraction of the Kandinsky-Klee
School for Indian abstractionists can be explained by which one of the
following?
a. The conservative tendency to aspire to the mystical without a
complete renunciation of the symbolic.
b. The discomfort of Indian abstractionists with Malevich's Suprematism.
c. The easy identification of obvious points of affinity with European
and American abstract art, of which the Kandinsky-Klee School is an
example.
d. The double-edged nature of abstractionism which enabled
identification with mystically-oriented schools.
16. Which one of the following, according to the author, is the most
important reason for the stalling of abstractionism's progress in an
impasse?
a. Some artists have followed their abstractionist logic to the point
of extinction.
b. Some artists have allowed chance or pattern to dominate the
execution of their paintings.
c. Many artists have avoided the trap of a near-generic and an open symbolism.
d. Many artists have found it difficult to fuse the twin principles of
the metaphysical and the painterly.
painting is its ability to renew itself — its responsiveness to the
changing nature and quality of experience, the degree of conceptual
and formal innovation that it exhibits. By this criterion, it would
appear that the practice of abstractionism has failed to engage
creatively with the radical change in human experience in recent
decades. It has, seemingly, been unwilling to re-invent itself in
relation to the systems of artistic expression and viewers'
expectations that have developed under the impact of the mass media.
The judgement that abstractionism has slipped into 'inter gear' is
gaining endorsement, not only among discerning viewers and
practitioners of other art forms, but also among abstract painters
themselves. Like their companions elsewhere in the world,
abstractionists in India are asking themselves an overwhelming
question today: Does abstractionism have a future? The major crisis
that abstractionists face is that of revitalising their picture
surface; few have improvised any solutions beyond the ones that were
exhausted by the 1970s. Like all revolutions, whether in policies or
in art, abstractionism must now confront its moment of truth: having
begun life as a new and radical pictorial approach to experience, it
has become an entrenched orthodoxy itself. Indeed, when viewed against
a historical situation in which a variety of subversive, interactive
and richly hybrid forms are available to the art practitioner,
abstractionism assumes the remote and defiant air of an aristocracy
that has outlived its age; trammelled by formulaic conventions yet
buttressed by a rhetoric of sacred mystery, it seems condemned to
being the last citadel of the self-regarding 'fine art' tradition, the
last hurrah of painting for painting's sake.
The situation is further complicated in India by the circumstances in
which an indigenous abstractionism came into prominence here during
the 1960s. From the beginning it was propelled by the dialectic
between two motives, one revolutionary and the other conservative — it
was inaugurated as an act of emancipation from the dogmas of the
nascent Indian nation state, when art was officially viewed as an
indulgence at worst, and at best, as an instrument for the celebration
of the republic's hopes and aspirations. Having rejected these dogmas,
the pioneering abstractionists also went on to reject the various
figurative styles associated with the Santiniketan circle and others.
In such a situation, abstractionism was a revolutionary move. It led
art towards the exploration of the subconscious mind, the spiritual
quest and the possible expansion of consciousness. Indian painting
entered into a phase of self-inquiry, a meditative inner space where
cosmic symbols and non-representational images ruled. Often, the
transition from figurative idioms to abstractionist ones took place
within the same artist.
At the same time, Indian abstractionists have rarely committed
themselves wholeheartedly to a nonrepresentational idiom. They have
been preoccupied with the fundamentally metaphysical project of
aspiring to the mystical-holy without altogether renouncing the
symbolic. This has been sustained by a hereditary reluctance to give
up the murti, the inviolable iconic form, which explains why
abstractionism is marked by the conservative tendency to operate with
images from the sacred repertoire of the past. Abstractionism thus
entered India as a double-edged device in a complex cultural
transaction. Ideologically, it served as an internationalist
legitimisation of the emerging revolutionary local trends. However, on
entry, it was conscripted to serve local artistic preoccupations — a
survey of indigenous abstractionism will show that its most obvious
points of affinity with European and American abstract art were with
the more mystically oriented of the major sources of abstractionist
philosophy and practice, for instance, the Kandinsky-Klee School.
There have been no takers for Malevich's Suprematism, which militantly
rejected both the artistic forms of the past and the world of
appearances, privileging the new-minted geometric symbol as an
autonomous sign of the desire for infinity.
Against this backdrop, we can identify three major abstractionist
idioms in Indian art. The first develops from a love of the earth, and
assumes the form of a celebration of the self's dissolution in the
cosmic panorama; the landscape is no longer a realistic transcription
of the scene, but is transformed into a visionary occasion for
contemplating the cycles of decay and regeneration. The second idiom
phrases its departures from symbolic and archetypal devices as
invitations to heightened planes of awareness. Abstractionism begins
with the establishment or dissolution of the motif, which can be drawn
from diverse sources, including the hieroglyphic tablet, the Sufi
meditation dance or the Tantric diagram. The third idiom is based on
the lyric play of forms guided by gesture or allied with formal
improvisations like the assemblage. Here, sometimes, the line dividing
abstract image from patterned design or quasi-random expressive
marking may blur. The flux of forms can also be regimented through the
policies of pure colour arrangements, vector-diagrammatic spaces and
gestural design.
In this genealogy, some pure lines of descent follow their logic to
the inevitable point of extinction, others engage in
cross-fertilization, and yet others undergo mutation to maintain their
energy. However, this genealogical survey demonstrates the wave at its
crests, those points where the metaphysical and the painterly have
been fused in images of abiding potency, ideas sensuously ordained
rather than fabricated programmatically to a concept. It is equally
possible to enumerate the troughs where the two principles do not come
together, thus arriving at a very different account. Uncharitable as
it may sound, the history of Indian abstractionism records a series of
attempts to avoid the risks of abstraction by resorting to an overt
and near-generic symbolism, which many Indian abstractionists embrace
when they find themselves bereft of the imaginative energy to
negotiate the union of metaphysics and painterliness.
Such symbolism falls into a dual trap: it succumbs to the pompous
vacuity of pure metaphysics when the burden of intention is passed off
as justification; or then it is desiccated by the arid formalism of
pure painterliness, with delight in the measure of chance or pattern
guiding the execution of a painting. The ensuing conflict of purpose
stalls the progress of abstractionism in an impasse. The remarkable
Indian abstractionists are precisely those who have overcome this and
addressed themselves to the basic elements of their art with a
decisive sense of independence from prior models. In their recent
work, we see the logic of Indian abstractionism pushed almost to the
furthest it can be taken. Beyond such artists stands a lost generation
of abstractionists whose work invokes a wistful, delicate beauty but
stops there.
Abstractionism is not a universal language; it is an art that points
up the loss of a shared language of signs in society. And yet, it
affirms the possibility of its recovery through the effort of
awareness. While its rheotoric has always emphasised a call for new
forms of attention, abstractionist practice has tended to fall into a
complacent pride in its own incomprehensibility; a complacency fatal
in an ethos where vibrant new idioms compete for the viewers'
attention. Indian abstractionists ought to really return to basics, to
reformulate and replenish their understanding of the nature of the
relationship between the painted image and the world around it. But
will they abandon their favourite conceptual habits and formal
conventions, if this becomes necessary?
9. Which one of the following is not stated by the author as a reason
for abstractionism losing its vitality?
a. Abstractionism has failed to reorient itself in the context of
changing human experience.
b. Abstractionism has not considered the developments in artistic
expression that have taken place in recent times.
c. Abstractionism has not followed the path taken by all revolutions,
whether in politics or art.
d. The impact of mass media on viewers' expectations has not been
assessed, and responded to, by abstractionism.
10. Which of the following, according to the author, is the role that
abstractionism plays in a society?
a. It provides an idiom that can be understood by most members in a society.
b. It highlights the absence of a shared language of meaningful
symbols which can be recreated through greater awareness.
c. It highlights the contradictory artistic trends of revolution and
conservatism that any society needs to move forward.
d. It helps abstractionists invoke the wistful, delicate beauty that
may exist in society.
11. According to the author, which one of the following characterises
the crisis faced by abstractionism?
a. Abstractionists appear to be unable to transcend the solutions
tried out earlier.
b. Abstractionism has allowed itself to be confined by set forms and practices.
c. Abstractionists have been unable to use the multiplicity of forms
now becoming available to an artist.
d. All of the above
12. According to the author, the introduction of abstractionism was
revolutionary because it
a. celebrated the hopes and aspirants of a newly independent nation.
b. provided a new direction to Indian art, towards self-inquiry and
non-representational images.
c. managed to obtain internationalist support for the abstractionist agenda.
d. was an emancipation from the dogmas of the nascent nation state.
13. Which one of the following is not part of the author's
characterization of the conservative trend in Indian abstractionism?
a. An exploration of the subconscious mind.
b. A lack of full commitment to non-representational symbols.
c. An adherence to the symbolic while aspiring to the mystical.
d. Usage of the images of gods or similar symbols.
14. Given the author's delineation of the three abstractionist idioms
in Indian art, the third idiom can be best distinguished from the
other two idioms through its
a. depiction of nature's cyclical renewal. b. use of
non-representational images.
c. emphasis on arrangement of forms. d. limited reliance on original models.
15. According to the author, the attraction of the Kandinsky-Klee
School for Indian abstractionists can be explained by which one of the
following?
a. The conservative tendency to aspire to the mystical without a
complete renunciation of the symbolic.
b. The discomfort of Indian abstractionists with Malevich's Suprematism.
c. The easy identification of obvious points of affinity with European
and American abstract art, of which the Kandinsky-Klee School is an
example.
d. The double-edged nature of abstractionism which enabled
identification with mystically-oriented schools.
16. Which one of the following, according to the author, is the most
important reason for the stalling of abstractionism's progress in an
impasse?
a. Some artists have followed their abstractionist logic to the point
of extinction.
b. Some artists have allowed chance or pattern to dominate the
execution of their paintings.
c. Many artists have avoided the trap of a near-generic and an open symbolism.
d. Many artists have found it difficult to fuse the twin principles of
the metaphysical and the painterly.
Friday 17 June 2016
CRITICAL REASONING - 18TH JUNE (VARC CLASSROOM )
CLICK HERE TO SUBMIT ANSWERS
1 While antibiotics have done inestimable good to humankind over the
last seventy years, there are several drawbacks to using antibiotics
that, until recently, have been overlooked. The human microbiome,
which consists of the trillions of bacteria that reside in each
person's body, is essential to good health. Specifically, the body
contains and requires both "good" and "bad" bacteria. It is when the
proper equilibrium between the "good" bacteria and the "bad" bacteria
is disrupted that a number of health issues can emerge. Nonetheless,
antibiotics indiscriminately kill both the "good" and the "bad"
bacteria, so each course of antibiotics should be followed by a
treatment that __________________________________
Which of the following most logically completes the argument above?
A. bypasses the microbiome altogether
B. targets and eliminates only the "bad" bacteria
C. restores the correct balance between the "good" and "bad" bacteria
D. purges the body of the remaining antibiotics completely
E. reverses any effects from the antibiotics
2 The economy around Lake Paqua depends on fishing of the lake's
landlocked salmon population. In recent years, scarcity of food for
salmon there has caused a decline in both the number and the size of
the adult salmon in the lake. As a result, the region's revenues from
salmon fishing have declined significantly. To remedy this situation,
officials plan to introduce shrimp, which can serve as a food source
for adult salmon, into Lake Paqua.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question
the plan's chances for success?
A. Salmon is not a popular food among residents of the Lake Paqua region.
B. Tourists coming to fish for sport generate more income for
residents of the Lake Paqua region than does commercial fishing.
C. The shrimp to be introduced into Lake Paqua are of a variety that
is too small to be harvested for human consumption.
D. The primary food for both shrimp and juvenile salmon is plankton,
which is not abundant in Lake Paqua.
E. Fishing regulations prohibit people from keeping any salmon they
have caught in Lake Paqua that are smaller than a certain minimum size
3 The difficulty with the proposed high-speed train line is that a
used plane can be bought for one-third the price of the train line,
and the plane, which is just as fast, can fly anywhere. The train
would be a fixed linear system, and we live in a world that is
spreading out in all directions and in which consumers choose the
free-wheel systems (cars, buses, aircraft), which do not have fixed
routes. Thus a sufficient market for the train will not exist.
Which of the following, if true, most severely weakens the argument
presented above?
(A) Cars, buses, and planes require the efforts of drivers and pilots
to guide them, whereas the train will be guided mechanically.
(B) Cars and buses are not nearly as fast as the high-speed train will be.
(C) Planes are not a free-wheel system because they can fly only
between airports, which are less convenient for consumers than the
high-speed train's stations would be.
(D) The high-speed train line cannot use currently underutilized train
stations in large cities.
(E) For long trips, most people prefer to fly rather than to take
ground-level transportation.
4 Commercially available chemical fertilizers contain the same
nutrients and micronutrients as organic fertilizers such as manure and
composted garden clippings. Plants have tiny root hairs that absorb
nutrients, and whether the source of the nutrients is organic or
chemical is irrelevant to the plant's ability to take in the
nutrients. Nevertheless, organic fertilizers are better for the health
of the plant than are chemical fertilizers alone.
Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the position above?
(A)The nutrients in organic fertilizers are slowly released to the
plant over time, rather than being absorbed by the plant immediately.
(B)In organic fertilizers, the natural combination of nutrients with
other natural materials makes the nutrients more usable by the plant
than nutrients found in chemical fertilizers.
(C)Plants often must be provided with nutrients because naturally
occurring nutrients in the surrounding soil are depleted or washed
away over time.
(D)The typical gardener can't easily know the exact amount and type of
nutrients in an organic fertilizer such as manure.
(E)Chemical fertilizers produced by the leading manufacturer contain
nutrients that are no harder for the plants to absorb than those
provided by the competitor's chemical fertilizer.
5 Hunter: Many people blame hunters alone for the decline in Greenrock
National Forest's deer population over the past ten years. Yet
clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this
decline. In the past ten years, the forest's protected black bear
population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found
dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number
of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter's argument, the portion in boldface plays which of the
following roles?
(A) It is the main conclusion of the argument.
(B) It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain.
(C) It is an explanation that the argument concludes is correct.
(D) It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.
(E) It introduces a judgment that the argument opposes
6 Military Consultant: The chain of command in your unit is marred by
a serious flaw: your soldiers are so fearful of being disciplined for
security breaches within their jurisdiction that they fail to report
potential problems to their superiors. And those superiors share the
same fear of being seen as lacking control of their units that they
fail to fully investigate potential problems and bring them up the
chain to you. Consequently, General, you're likely presiding over
several security threats that you'll never know about.
Which of the following is an assumption required by the consultant's logic.
A. The general is responsible for the culture that exists within his
chain of command.
B. All soldiers near the bottom of the chain of command are fearful of
being disciplined for security breaches.
C. The general does not have sources other than the chain of command
to alert him to security concerns.
D. Some soldiers do not fear authority figures more than they fear
genuine security threats.
E. There is not a feasible incentive system to reward soldiers for
conscientiously pointing out security concerns.
7 Installing scrubbers in smokestacks and switching to cleaner-burning
fuel are the two methods available to Northern Power for reducing
harmful emissions from its plants. Scrubbers will reduce harmful
emissions more than cleaner-burning fuels will. Therefore, by
installing scrubbers, Northern Power will be doing the most that can
be done to reduce harmful emissions from its plants.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A)Switching to cleaner-burning fuel will not be more expensive than
installing scrubbers.
(B)Northern Power can choose from among various Kinds of scrubbers,
some of which are more effective than others.
(C)Northern Power is not necessarily committed to reducing harmful
emissions from its plants.
(D)Harmful emissions from Northern Power's plants cannot be reduced
more by using both methods together than by the installation of
scrubbers alone.
(E)Aside from harmful emissions from the smokestacks of its plants,
the activities of Northern Power do not cause significant air
pollution
8 According to futuristic writings in the 1960s, robots would soon
drastically reduce crime. With night vision and ability to detect the
chemicals involved in ballistics, such robots could be programed to
paralyze anyone roaming the street at night with a gun: virtually all
criminals fit that description. These criminals would be incapacitated
and thus unable to resist an easy arrest.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly indicates that the
logic of the prediction is flawed?
(A) Such robots would need to be charged during the daytime.
(B) Since policemen carry guns, the robots would incapacitate them
just as efficiently as they incapacitate criminals
(C) Because these robots could pose a hazard to cars at night, special
barriers would have to be constructed between the paths of the robots
and the lanes of traffic.
(D) It's not obvious that reducing the number of criminals will always
be beneficial.
(E) If the proposal plan were successful, it might ultimate result in
a smaller and more efficient police force.
9 Political Analyst: "Although citizens of this state normally oppose
any new taxes, they are overwhelmingly in favor of taxes that support
the medical initiative. Candidate Johnson vowed to cut these taxes,
and he was trounced in the primary elections. Furthermore, in a poll
that asked citizens, "Would you pay higher taxes if it meant having
the benefit of the new medical initiative?", an astonishing 82%
replied "Yes." This is a pattern of support for taxes we have not seen
before in this state."
In the political analyst's argument, the portion in boldface plays
which of the following roles?
A) It is an explanation that the argument concludes is correct.
B) It is a finding that calls the main conclusion into question.
C) It introduces a judgment that the argument opposes.
D) It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.
E) It is the main conclusion of the argument.
10 In order to ensure a successful vote on the issue of abortion
rights,the government is pressurizing the leaders of the state
political party to replace several delegates to the national
convention.The governor is insisting that certain individuals with a
history of voting in favor of abortion rights be replaced with new
delegates who have voted against abortion rights in the past.
The governor's action demonstrates that he is making which of the
following assumptions?
a)Voting on abortion issues is an important part of the national
political agenda.
b)The current delegates will probably not share the Governor's views
on such issues as the national budget or federal spending limits.
c)The proposed new delegates will continue to vote on abortion issues
in the same way that they have voted in the past.
d)The national delegation will not have an opportunity to vote on any
issues other than abortion rights.
e)He wants fresh delegates to represent the national convention.
11 Making the possession of guns illegal will never reduce the number
of deaths and injuries that are the result of guns. People are aware
of the uses for guns and will find new, and possibilly illegal, ways
to get them. No laws restricting the sale and ownership of guns will
prevent those who want to purchase one from purchasing one.
Which of the following, if true, would best strengthen the above argument?
A) A recent ban on the possession of concealed weapons other than
handguns has resulted in a significant reduction of deaths releated to
these alternative weapons.
B) In light of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution, legislating
legal bans on the possession of guns will be extremely difficult.
C) Often, making a product illegal increases an individual's desure to
own that product and demand actually rises.
D) Many advocats of gun control believe that it is the weapon and not
the possessor of the weapon that is responsible for the violence
associated with guns.
E) Legislating a ban on only the most dangerous guns is a sufficient
way to cut down demand for guns.
12 Red blood cells in which the malarial-fever parasite resides are
eliminated from a person's body after 120 days. Because the parasite
cannot travel to a new generation of red blood cells, any fever that
develops in a person more than 120 days after that person has moved to
a malaria-free region is not due to the malarial parasite.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?
(A) The fever caused by the malarial parasite may resemble the fever
caused by flu viruses.
(B) The anopheles mosquito, which is the principal insect carrier of
the malarial parasite, has been eradicated in many parts of the world.
(C) Many malarial symptoms other than the fever, which can be
suppressed with antimalarial medication, can reappear within 120 days
after the medication is discontinued.
(D) In some cases, the parasite that causes malarial fever travels to
cells of the spleen, which are less frequently eliminated from a
person's body than are red blood cells.
E) In any region infested with malaria-carrying mosquitoes, there are individuals who appear to be immune to malaria
13 In the arid land along the Colorado River, use of the river's water
is strictly controlled: farms along the river each have a limited
allocation that they are allowed to use for irrigation. But the trees
that grow in narrow strips along the river's banks also use its water.
Clearly, therefore, if farmers were to remove those trees, more water
would be available for crop irrigation
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
a. The trees along the river's banks shelter it from the sun and wind,
thereby greatly reducing the amount of water lost through evaporation
b. Owners of farms along the river will probably not undertake the
expense of cutting down trees along the banks unless they are granted
a greater allocation of water in return
c. Many of the tree species currently found along the river's banks
are specifically adapted to growing in places where tree roots remain
constantly wet.
d. The strip of land where trees grow along the river's banks would
not be suitable for growing crops if the trees were removed.
e. The distribution of water allocations for irrigation is intended to
prevent farms father upstream from using water needed by farms father
downstream
14 In the arid land along the Colorado River, use of the river's water
is strictly controlled: farms along the river each have a limited
allocation that they are allowed to use for irrigation. But the trees
that grow in narrow strips along the river's banks also use its water.
Clearly, therefore, if farmers were to remove those trees, more water
would be available for crop irrigation
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
a. The trees along the river's banks shelter it from the sun and wind,
thereby greatly reducing the amount of water lost through evaporation
b. Owners of farms along the river will probably not undertake the
expense of cutting down trees along the banks unless they are granted
a greater allocation of water in return
c. Many of the tree species currently found along the river's banks
are specifically adapted to growing in places where tree roots remain
constantly wet.
d. The strip of land where trees grow along the river's banks would
not be suitable for growing crops if the trees were removed.
e. The distribution of water allocations for irrigation is intended to
prevent farms father upstream from using water needed by farms father
downstream
15 The Eurasian ruffe, a fish species inadvertently introduced into
North America’s Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs of
lake whitefish, a native species, thus threatening the lakes’
natural ecosystem. To help track the ruffe’s spread, government
agencies have produced wallet-sized cards about the ruffe. The cards
contain pictures of the ruffe and explain the danger they pose; the
cards also request anglers to report any ruffe they catch.
Which of the following, if true, would provide most support for the
prediction that the agencies’ action will have its intended effect?
A. The ruffe has spiny fins that make it unattractive as prey.
B. Ruffe generally feed at night, but most recreational fishing on the
Great Lakes is done during daytime hours.
C. Most people who fish recreationally on the Great Lakes are
interested in the preservation of the lake whitefish because it is a
highly prized game fish.
D. The ruffe is one of several nonnative species in the Great Lakes
whose existence threatens the survival of lake whitefish populations
there.
E. The bait that most people use when fishing for whitefish on the
Great Lakes is not attractive to ruffe.
1 While antibiotics have done inestimable good to humankind over the
last seventy years, there are several drawbacks to using antibiotics
that, until recently, have been overlooked. The human microbiome,
which consists of the trillions of bacteria that reside in each
person's body, is essential to good health. Specifically, the body
contains and requires both "good" and "bad" bacteria. It is when the
proper equilibrium between the "good" bacteria and the "bad" bacteria
is disrupted that a number of health issues can emerge. Nonetheless,
antibiotics indiscriminately kill both the "good" and the "bad"
bacteria, so each course of antibiotics should be followed by a
treatment that __________________________________
Which of the following most logically completes the argument above?
A. bypasses the microbiome altogether
B. targets and eliminates only the "bad" bacteria
C. restores the correct balance between the "good" and "bad" bacteria
D. purges the body of the remaining antibiotics completely
E. reverses any effects from the antibiotics
2 The economy around Lake Paqua depends on fishing of the lake's
landlocked salmon population. In recent years, scarcity of food for
salmon there has caused a decline in both the number and the size of
the adult salmon in the lake. As a result, the region's revenues from
salmon fishing have declined significantly. To remedy this situation,
officials plan to introduce shrimp, which can serve as a food source
for adult salmon, into Lake Paqua.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question
the plan's chances for success?
A. Salmon is not a popular food among residents of the Lake Paqua region.
B. Tourists coming to fish for sport generate more income for
residents of the Lake Paqua region than does commercial fishing.
C. The shrimp to be introduced into Lake Paqua are of a variety that
is too small to be harvested for human consumption.
D. The primary food for both shrimp and juvenile salmon is plankton,
which is not abundant in Lake Paqua.
E. Fishing regulations prohibit people from keeping any salmon they
have caught in Lake Paqua that are smaller than a certain minimum size
3 The difficulty with the proposed high-speed train line is that a
used plane can be bought for one-third the price of the train line,
and the plane, which is just as fast, can fly anywhere. The train
would be a fixed linear system, and we live in a world that is
spreading out in all directions and in which consumers choose the
free-wheel systems (cars, buses, aircraft), which do not have fixed
routes. Thus a sufficient market for the train will not exist.
Which of the following, if true, most severely weakens the argument
presented above?
(A) Cars, buses, and planes require the efforts of drivers and pilots
to guide them, whereas the train will be guided mechanically.
(B) Cars and buses are not nearly as fast as the high-speed train will be.
(C) Planes are not a free-wheel system because they can fly only
between airports, which are less convenient for consumers than the
high-speed train's stations would be.
(D) The high-speed train line cannot use currently underutilized train
stations in large cities.
(E) For long trips, most people prefer to fly rather than to take
ground-level transportation.
4 Commercially available chemical fertilizers contain the same
nutrients and micronutrients as organic fertilizers such as manure and
composted garden clippings. Plants have tiny root hairs that absorb
nutrients, and whether the source of the nutrients is organic or
chemical is irrelevant to the plant's ability to take in the
nutrients. Nevertheless, organic fertilizers are better for the health
of the plant than are chemical fertilizers alone.
Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the position above?
(A)The nutrients in organic fertilizers are slowly released to the
plant over time, rather than being absorbed by the plant immediately.
(B)In organic fertilizers, the natural combination of nutrients with
other natural materials makes the nutrients more usable by the plant
than nutrients found in chemical fertilizers.
(C)Plants often must be provided with nutrients because naturally
occurring nutrients in the surrounding soil are depleted or washed
away over time.
(D)The typical gardener can't easily know the exact amount and type of
nutrients in an organic fertilizer such as manure.
(E)Chemical fertilizers produced by the leading manufacturer contain
nutrients that are no harder for the plants to absorb than those
provided by the competitor's chemical fertilizer.
5 Hunter: Many people blame hunters alone for the decline in Greenrock
National Forest's deer population over the past ten years. Yet
clearly, black bears have also played an important role in this
decline. In the past ten years, the forest's protected black bear
population has risen sharply, and examination of black bears found
dead in the forest during the deer hunting season showed that a number
of them had recently fed on deer.
In the hunter's argument, the portion in boldface plays which of the
following roles?
(A) It is the main conclusion of the argument.
(B) It is a finding that the argument seeks to explain.
(C) It is an explanation that the argument concludes is correct.
(D) It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.
(E) It introduces a judgment that the argument opposes
6 Military Consultant: The chain of command in your unit is marred by
a serious flaw: your soldiers are so fearful of being disciplined for
security breaches within their jurisdiction that they fail to report
potential problems to their superiors. And those superiors share the
same fear of being seen as lacking control of their units that they
fail to fully investigate potential problems and bring them up the
chain to you. Consequently, General, you're likely presiding over
several security threats that you'll never know about.
Which of the following is an assumption required by the consultant's logic.
A. The general is responsible for the culture that exists within his
chain of command.
B. All soldiers near the bottom of the chain of command are fearful of
being disciplined for security breaches.
C. The general does not have sources other than the chain of command
to alert him to security concerns.
D. Some soldiers do not fear authority figures more than they fear
genuine security threats.
E. There is not a feasible incentive system to reward soldiers for
conscientiously pointing out security concerns.
7 Installing scrubbers in smokestacks and switching to cleaner-burning
fuel are the two methods available to Northern Power for reducing
harmful emissions from its plants. Scrubbers will reduce harmful
emissions more than cleaner-burning fuels will. Therefore, by
installing scrubbers, Northern Power will be doing the most that can
be done to reduce harmful emissions from its plants.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
(A)Switching to cleaner-burning fuel will not be more expensive than
installing scrubbers.
(B)Northern Power can choose from among various Kinds of scrubbers,
some of which are more effective than others.
(C)Northern Power is not necessarily committed to reducing harmful
emissions from its plants.
(D)Harmful emissions from Northern Power's plants cannot be reduced
more by using both methods together than by the installation of
scrubbers alone.
(E)Aside from harmful emissions from the smokestacks of its plants,
the activities of Northern Power do not cause significant air
pollution
8 According to futuristic writings in the 1960s, robots would soon
drastically reduce crime. With night vision and ability to detect the
chemicals involved in ballistics, such robots could be programed to
paralyze anyone roaming the street at night with a gun: virtually all
criminals fit that description. These criminals would be incapacitated
and thus unable to resist an easy arrest.
Which of the following, if true, most strongly indicates that the
logic of the prediction is flawed?
(A) Such robots would need to be charged during the daytime.
(B) Since policemen carry guns, the robots would incapacitate them
just as efficiently as they incapacitate criminals
(C) Because these robots could pose a hazard to cars at night, special
barriers would have to be constructed between the paths of the robots
and the lanes of traffic.
(D) It's not obvious that reducing the number of criminals will always
be beneficial.
(E) If the proposal plan were successful, it might ultimate result in
a smaller and more efficient police force.
9 Political Analyst: "Although citizens of this state normally oppose
any new taxes, they are overwhelmingly in favor of taxes that support
the medical initiative. Candidate Johnson vowed to cut these taxes,
and he was trounced in the primary elections. Furthermore, in a poll
that asked citizens, "Would you pay higher taxes if it meant having
the benefit of the new medical initiative?", an astonishing 82%
replied "Yes." This is a pattern of support for taxes we have not seen
before in this state."
In the political analyst's argument, the portion in boldface plays
which of the following roles?
A) It is an explanation that the argument concludes is correct.
B) It is a finding that calls the main conclusion into question.
C) It introduces a judgment that the argument opposes.
D) It provides evidence in support of the main conclusion of the argument.
E) It is the main conclusion of the argument.
10 In order to ensure a successful vote on the issue of abortion
rights,the government is pressurizing the leaders of the state
political party to replace several delegates to the national
convention.The governor is insisting that certain individuals with a
history of voting in favor of abortion rights be replaced with new
delegates who have voted against abortion rights in the past.
The governor's action demonstrates that he is making which of the
following assumptions?
a)Voting on abortion issues is an important part of the national
political agenda.
b)The current delegates will probably not share the Governor's views
on such issues as the national budget or federal spending limits.
c)The proposed new delegates will continue to vote on abortion issues
in the same way that they have voted in the past.
d)The national delegation will not have an opportunity to vote on any
issues other than abortion rights.
e)He wants fresh delegates to represent the national convention.
11 Making the possession of guns illegal will never reduce the number
of deaths and injuries that are the result of guns. People are aware
of the uses for guns and will find new, and possibilly illegal, ways
to get them. No laws restricting the sale and ownership of guns will
prevent those who want to purchase one from purchasing one.
Which of the following, if true, would best strengthen the above argument?
A) A recent ban on the possession of concealed weapons other than
handguns has resulted in a significant reduction of deaths releated to
these alternative weapons.
B) In light of the rights guaranteed by the Constitution, legislating
legal bans on the possession of guns will be extremely difficult.
C) Often, making a product illegal increases an individual's desure to
own that product and demand actually rises.
D) Many advocats of gun control believe that it is the weapon and not
the possessor of the weapon that is responsible for the violence
associated with guns.
E) Legislating a ban on only the most dangerous guns is a sufficient
way to cut down demand for guns.
12 Red blood cells in which the malarial-fever parasite resides are
eliminated from a person's body after 120 days. Because the parasite
cannot travel to a new generation of red blood cells, any fever that
develops in a person more than 120 days after that person has moved to
a malaria-free region is not due to the malarial parasite.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?
(A) The fever caused by the malarial parasite may resemble the fever
caused by flu viruses.
(B) The anopheles mosquito, which is the principal insect carrier of
the malarial parasite, has been eradicated in many parts of the world.
(C) Many malarial symptoms other than the fever, which can be
suppressed with antimalarial medication, can reappear within 120 days
after the medication is discontinued.
(D) In some cases, the parasite that causes malarial fever travels to
cells of the spleen, which are less frequently eliminated from a
person's body than are red blood cells.
E) In any region infested with malaria-carrying mosquitoes, there are individuals who appear to be immune to malaria
13 In the arid land along the Colorado River, use of the river's water
is strictly controlled: farms along the river each have a limited
allocation that they are allowed to use for irrigation. But the trees
that grow in narrow strips along the river's banks also use its water.
Clearly, therefore, if farmers were to remove those trees, more water
would be available for crop irrigation
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
a. The trees along the river's banks shelter it from the sun and wind,
thereby greatly reducing the amount of water lost through evaporation
b. Owners of farms along the river will probably not undertake the
expense of cutting down trees along the banks unless they are granted
a greater allocation of water in return
c. Many of the tree species currently found along the river's banks
are specifically adapted to growing in places where tree roots remain
constantly wet.
d. The strip of land where trees grow along the river's banks would
not be suitable for growing crops if the trees were removed.
e. The distribution of water allocations for irrigation is intended to
prevent farms father upstream from using water needed by farms father
downstream
14 In the arid land along the Colorado River, use of the river's water
is strictly controlled: farms along the river each have a limited
allocation that they are allowed to use for irrigation. But the trees
that grow in narrow strips along the river's banks also use its water.
Clearly, therefore, if farmers were to remove those trees, more water
would be available for crop irrigation
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument?
a. The trees along the river's banks shelter it from the sun and wind,
thereby greatly reducing the amount of water lost through evaporation
b. Owners of farms along the river will probably not undertake the
expense of cutting down trees along the banks unless they are granted
a greater allocation of water in return
c. Many of the tree species currently found along the river's banks
are specifically adapted to growing in places where tree roots remain
constantly wet.
d. The strip of land where trees grow along the river's banks would
not be suitable for growing crops if the trees were removed.
e. The distribution of water allocations for irrigation is intended to
prevent farms father upstream from using water needed by farms father
downstream
15 The Eurasian ruffe, a fish species inadvertently introduced into
North America’s Great Lakes in recent years, feeds on the eggs of
lake whitefish, a native species, thus threatening the lakes’
natural ecosystem. To help track the ruffe’s spread, government
agencies have produced wallet-sized cards about the ruffe. The cards
contain pictures of the ruffe and explain the danger they pose; the
cards also request anglers to report any ruffe they catch.
Which of the following, if true, would provide most support for the
prediction that the agencies’ action will have its intended effect?
A. The ruffe has spiny fins that make it unattractive as prey.
B. Ruffe generally feed at night, but most recreational fishing on the
Great Lakes is done during daytime hours.
C. Most people who fish recreationally on the Great Lakes are
interested in the preservation of the lake whitefish because it is a
highly prized game fish.
D. The ruffe is one of several nonnative species in the Great Lakes
whose existence threatens the survival of lake whitefish populations
there.
E. The bait that most people use when fishing for whitefish on the
Great Lakes is not attractive to ruffe.
Wednesday 15 June 2016
4PJS
1 A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way. Ganesh Pyne, the soft-spoken, gentle-mannered painter based in Kolkata, was a paradox. The more the demand for his temperas and water-colours soared in the 1980s and 1990s, the more he shrank from the glare of publicity. The galloping prices of his works made him inversely insecure. Over a period of time, he painted a series called Performers, where the artist is shown as a clown, an entertainer, and a performing animal attempting to please patrons. Pyne had a modern mind with a taste for modern poetry, theatre and cinema. ________________ (a) But he nurtured deep within him a mythic imagination. (b) In the course of my very first interview with Ganesh Pyne, the artist had stated that he was obsessed with death. (c) His paintings that evoke intimations of mortality will continue to haunt us. (d) What made him a great artist was that he counterbalanced the darkening mood of his paintings with some source of light. 2 |
1. A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way. That is when you stop laughing and start worrying about a team that was virtually invincible in Test cricket from the early Nineties to mid-2005 when Australia surrendered the Ashes to England in a stirring series at the home of cricket. The setback was followed by yet another period of domination up till 2008 after which Australian cricket went into a tailspin and continues to hurtle from one disaster to another. Ironically, Arthur seems to have woken up to the reality only after his team found itself 0-2 down in the series after playing some pretty ordinary cricket. _______________ (a) He handed out 'homework' that was meant to make players more responsible for their own deeds and improve on-field performances. (b) The coach had himself shunned doing his own bit prior to the opening Test match against India in Chennai. (c) Both Arthur and skipper Michael Clarke surely need to tell cricket lovers what prompted their bizarre decision making that was bound to backfire on them. (d) He owes his position of eminence to the Argus report that recommended an enhanced role for the coach. 3 |
1. A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way. But the biggest change was recording the sound on the new, multi-channel Dolby Stereo that could be played to great effect even in small theatres with the old mono sound system. Allen and his team convinced more than 40 theatres to upgrade their audio systems, but the advantage was that the new technology could be adapted to the old set-up. The sound thrilled and the successes of Star Wars and Close Encounters of The Third Kind gave way to more inventions, though Allen's focus remains on creating new technology that is compatible with older formats. _______________ (a) The 73-year-old, who is currently in India, has been instrumental in several major sound engineering innovations in Hollywood. (b) It's never been easy to convince hard-nosed studio executives and tight-fisted theatre owners of the benefits of the new technology. (c) Over the years, Allen and his colleagues had struck up a personal equation with the more powerful filmmakers and producers. (d) Studio heads have said that the old sound system was not good enough. 4 |
| 1. A paragraph is given below from which the last sentence has been deleted. From the given options, choose the one that completes the paragraph in the most appropriate way. It is precisely this effect that Satya Paul hoped Masaba's touch would generate when it hired her as fashion director last November. With her, the 28-year old fashion brand, traditionally patronised by older women, wants to break into the youth segment. "I think the reason I was chosen for the job is that I am a gutsy designer. I am fearless in my choice of prints, colours and presentation," said Masaba. Love for prints is another thing that connects the brand to her. But her choice is more edgy and quirky. _______________ (a) These motifs she chooses represent the journey of a woman. (b) Eclectic prints, however, are nothing new to fashion, not even in India. (c) Satya Paul appeals both to the young and those who desperately want to look young. (d) Palms, cows, cameras, timepieces are some wacky motifs that have been spotted on her creations, especially saris. |
Tushar JW
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Tushar JW That doesn't matter. You are the one publicly slandering someone. You make a public post, its your responsibility to explain your actions when the public asks questions. You cannot shoot and scoot, otherwise its your reputation which gets down. If you are fine with that then you are not helping yourself or in anyway getting anything you intended by making these slander posts
Saqib Ahmed Tushar JW one quick question. What's 'chickening' ? Is that a method to cook fowl or are you just crying foul?
Tanveer Iqbal Ahmed Tushar JW I asked him to sue .. I thought that was the opposite of chickening OUT ..
Tanveer Iqbal Ahmed Tushar JW You do realise you are thoroughly entertaining . You should charge people Entertainment Tax :P
Saqib Ahmed Tushar JW still working on the OED man. Am sure will get around to the urban variety eventually. I highly recommend doing things in that order.
Tushar JW Asking someone to sue is not some kind of courageous statement that you are being so proud of. You are chickening out from the questions i put infront of you.
Second getting personal with me is not helping your case either, its just showing your desperation.
Besides this grammar game, save it for your coaching or whatever.
Second getting personal with me is not helping your case either, its just showing your desperation.
Besides this grammar game, save it for your coaching or whatever.
Tanveer Iqbal Ahmed It's ..:P Looks like you do not learn from your mistakes .. this is my job ..To show you the error of your ways :)
Tanveer Iqbal Ahmed Bye for now .. It was entertaining ..Will be back soon in case you have more of this entertaining stuff left in you. Thanks
Tushar JW But not learning anything from what is being said. I probably made a lot of grammatical mistakes in this whole conversation but you didn't care as long as you thought you were in control. Now after being publicly called out for your desperation , you are nitpicking on my grammar. That's pathetic.
Tanveer Iqbal Ahmed Tushar JW You just made 2-3 mistakes Dude . give yourself some credit ..itna low confidence .. birds of a feather syndrome ..The primary problem with you know who is lack of confidence .. you know
Tushar JW This topic or this conversation is not about Grammar is it? Grammar is not a mean of living for me so I don't expect to be too good at it. Talk about IT security and i will beat you to pulp in it. The point was your slandering and explanation which you could not provide. Now you are just crying and laughing in desperation which is understandable. And i wouldn't digress to confidence because it would make this you know who more amazing with doing so much in 2 years with lack of confidence, what would he do with confidence? Perhaps close down some competition like yourself, that's why you are threatened perhaps.
Rajarshi Majumder If we go by his "grammar" IT security is shalaam Shabzzee outside TCS!
Tanveer Iqbal Ahmed Tushar JW Now you totally lost it .. just read your text .. totally incoherent ..
Tanveer Iqbal Ahmed Tushar JW In case you do not get the reference :P http://harrypotter.wikia.com/wiki/Peter_Pettigrew
Tushar JW Tanveer Iqbal Ahmed it's not my fault you cannot understand simple statements. You are paralyzed by your inferiority complex and jealousy. So long
Rajarshi Majumder And Tanveer Iqbal Ahmed I envy u......unknown idiots reacting on ur post.....u must be feeling like a celeb
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