1
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage.
A. So that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls
who neither know victory nor
defeat.
B. Who strives valiantly; who errs, who comes short again and again,
because there is no effort
without error and shortcoming; but who does actually strive to do the deeds.
C. It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the
strong man stumbles, or
where the doer of deeds could have done them better.
D. Who knows great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends
himself in a worthy cause;
who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and
who at the worst, if he
fails, at least fails while daring greatly,
E. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose
face is marred by dust and
sweat and blood.
2
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage.
A. Capping it all was a row about the legitimacy of holding election
events in government property.
B. Not a problem, the Labour party insisted, for this was a PFI
hospital and thus commercial
property.
C. Gordon Brown then set out his manifesto in front of a peculiar
mixture of party supporters and
journalists, some of whom were jeered for asking impertinent questions.
D. The stage seemed set for a typical, if rather embarrassing, New Labour event.
E. In a Birmingham hospital, Soul Man blasted out while the likes of
Pat McFadden and Bob
Ainsworth fumbled in choreographed order towards their seats.
3
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
one.
A. Far worse than even in some poor African countries.
B. This remains an area of grave concern: opening the cages will not
solve the problems of basic
education and health so public private partnerships may be needed.
C. Literacy, infant mortality, life expectancy, poverty and every
other social indicator was always far
worse in socialist India than in Asian miracle economies.
D. So, the socialist cage gave Indians neither economic growth nor
social justice.
E. Vast sums of spent on health and education were wasted; teachers
and health staff had an
absenteeism rate of 18 % to 58 % but were protected from disciplinary
action by strong trade
unions.
4
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage.
A. Hakim Ali argued against the use of tobacco: "It is not necessary
for us to follow the Europeans,
and adopt a custom, which is not sanctioned by our own wise men
without experiment or trial."
B. Here instinct worked better than reason but worked well enough!
C. The fact that fact may not be infallible, especially in the
presence of uncertainty, is well illustrated
by an episode regarding the then newly arrived practice of smoking tobacco.
D. Armed with that argument , Akbar tried smoking, but happily for him
, he took an instant dislike
of it and never smoked again.
E. Akbar ignored this argument on the ground that "we must not reject
a thing that has been
adopted by the people of the world, merely because we can't find it in
our books; or else how
shall we progress."
5
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage.
A. Hakim Ali argued against the use of tobacco: "It is not necessary
for us to follow the Europeans,
and adopt a custom, which is not sanctioned by our own wise men
without experiment or trial."
B. Here instinct worked better than reason but worked well enough!
C. The fact that fact may not be infallible, especially in the
presence of uncertainty, is well illustrated
by an episode regarding the then newly arrived practice of smoking tobacco.
D. Armed with that argument , Akbar tried smoking, but happily for him
, he took an instant dislike
of it and never smoked again.
E. Akbar ignored this argument on the ground that "we must not reject
a thing that has been
adopted by the people of the world, merely because we can't find it in
our books; or else how
shall we progress."
6
Four sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C and D. They need to be
arranged in a logical order
to form a coherent paragraph/passage.
A. The greatest turbulence never destroyed all elements of the old order.
B. Unlike America or Australasia, Europe is an old continent, in the
sense that it has a long and
continuous history of some two thousand years.
C. Even when it suffered severe changes and considerable
disintegration, as during the barbarian
invasion of the fifth century, enough of its past always survived to
provide real continuity.
D. Beneath the patchwork suggested by a political map showing the
division of Europe into states,
there was a vast substratum of historical heritage and continuity.
7
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
option.
A. Some think the limits of body i.e. surface; line, point, and unit
are substances more so than
body or the solid.
B. Substance is thought to belong most obviously to bodies.
C. But whether these alone are substances, or there are also others,
or only some of these, or
others as well, or none of these but only some other things, are
substances, must be considered.
D. Even things that are either parts of these or composed of these,
eg. the physical universe and its
parts, stars, moon and sun are considered substances.
E. So we say that not only animals and plants and their parts are
substances, but also natural
bodies such as fire and water and earth and everything of the sort.
8
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
option.
A. As it expanded, it would have borrowed energy from the
gravitational field, to create matter.
B. The universe expanded and borrowed at an ever-increasing rate.
C. Fortunately, the debt of gravitational energy will not have to be
repaid until the end of the universe.
D. According to the no boundary proposal, the universe would have
expanded in a smooth way from
a single point.
E. As any economist could have predicted, the result of all that
borrowing, was inflation.
Monday, 13 June 2016
TITA PJ plus OMO
1
OMO
Four sentences are given below labeled a, b, c and d. Of these, three
sentences need to be
arranged in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From
the given options, choose
the one that does not fit the sequence.
(a) Nor is the history of art a parade of geniuses.
(b) There are many ways of understanding modern art and one's time.
(c) Art in a minor key has its place, and we shouldn't underestimate
it, and where it leads.
(d) Not all artists need or even benefit from larger retrospectives.
2
OMO
Four sentences are given below labeled a, b, c and d. Of these, three
sentences need to be
arranged in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From
the given options, choose
the one that does not fit the sequence.
(a) "Wall Street got drunk" was George W Bush's typically incisive
take on the main cause of the
emerging financial crisis in July 2008.
(b) Politicians on the campaign trail have been forced to watch their
every word since the 2006
congressional elections.
(c) But perhaps the wrong intoxicant was being blamed.
(d) Two years later, the governor of the Bank of England, Mervyn King,
explained in his Mansion
House speech that "the role of a central bank in monetary policy is to
take the punch bowl away
just as the party gets going." (something that he admitted had not occurred)
3
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph.
A. Each class would have preached the importance of those virtues, for
whose exercise there was
no necessity in their own lives.
B. Had he gone to his aunt's, he would have been sure to have met Lord
Goodbody there, and the
whole conversation would have been about the feeding of the poor and
the necessity for model
lodging-houses.
C. The rich would have spoken on the value of thrift and the idle
grown eloquent over the dignity of
labour.
D. He pictured to himself with silent amusement the tedious luncheon
that he had missed by
staying so long with his friend.
E. It was charming to have escaped all that!
4
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph.
A. There was something in his face that made one trust him at once.
B. All the candour of youth was there, as well as all youth's passionate purity.
C. No wonder Basil Hallward worshipped him.
D. One felt that he had kept himself unspotted from the world.
E. Yes, he was certainly wonderfully handsome, with his finely curved
scarlet lips, his frank blue
eyes, and his crisp gold hair.
5
Four sentences are given below labeled a, b, c and d. Of these, three
sentences need to be
arranged in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From
the given options, choose
the one that does not fit the sequence.
OMO
(a) Nor is the history of art a parade of geniuses.
(b) There are many ways of understanding modern art and one's time.
(c) Art in a minor key has its place, and we shouldn't underestimate
it, and where it leads.
(d) Not all artists need or even benefit from larger retrospectives.
6
OMO
Four sentences are given below labeled a, b, c and d. Of these, three
sentences need to be
arranged in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From
the given options, choose
the one that does not fit the sequence.
(a) "Wall Street got drunk" was George W Bush's typically incisive
take on the main cause of the
emerging financial crisis in July 2008.
(b) Politicians on the campaign trail have been forced to watch their
every word since the 2006
congressional elections.
(c) But perhaps the wrong intoxicant was being blamed.
(d) Two years later, the governor of the Bank of England, Mervyn King,
explained in his Mansion
House speech that "the role of a central bank in monetary policy is to
take the punch bowl away
just as the party gets going." (something that he admitted had not occurred)
7
Five sentences are given below labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical order
to form a coherent paragraph.
A. But within weeks, none of us was writing like anyone else.
B. Like a fingerprint, our script expresses us uniquely, and in a way
that lasts.
C. It is odd that it should, when school writing lessons were meant to
make everyone write alike.
D. Only the French, with goodness-knows-what writing drills on their
small-squared paper, seem
still to impose a rounded, open, characterless national hand.
E. The more metaphysically minded might say that it transmits the soul to paper.
8
. Five sentences are given below labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need
to be arranged in a logical order
to form a coherent paragraph.
A. South Africa is heading in the opposite direction.
B. Most of all, South Africa needs political competition.
C. The best hope for the country in the years to come is a real split
in the ANC between the populist
left and the fat-cat right to offer a genuine choice for voters.
D. Its neighbours to the north are moving away from the one-party
systems that dragged them to
corruption and stagnation for decades.
E. Until that happens, South Africa is doomed to go down as the rest
of Africa goes up.
9
Five sentences are given below labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical order
to form a coherent paragraph.
A. He leads me through a door in a wall to a windowless, white-tiled
office reminiscent of an
Eastern-bloc interrogation centre.
B. The depot turns out to be a tarmac yard tucked between Shaftesbury
Avenue and Charing Cross
Road.
C. Men in luminous overalls smoke and exchange genial insults.
D. I'm approached by the only person in a suit: the night-shift
manager, Lawrence.
E. Carts and street-sweepers are parked up, as well as Madvacs, the
powered sweepers that
wheel along pavements between cursing pedestrians.
10
1. Five sentences are given below labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need
to be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph.
A. The recent cabinet approvals may have consequences similar to the
RBI Amendment Act of
2006, which established the RBI as a regulator of the bond market and
the currency market.
B. In all the OECD countries but one, a single government agency — the
securities regulator or the
unified financial regulator — deals with all aspects of organised
financial trading.
C. Apart from this, the OECD practice involves a single agency that
regulates all organised financial
trading, with a unified treatment of equities, commodity futures,
interest rate, currencies, corporate
bonds and derivatives.
D. In the US, the treatment of organised financial trading is split
between the CFTC, which deals
with all derivatives, and the SEC, which deals with the spot market.
E. This was a step in the wrong direction, given India's reform agenda
on the regulation and supervision
of securities markets.
OMO
Four sentences are given below labeled a, b, c and d. Of these, three
sentences need to be
arranged in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From
the given options, choose
the one that does not fit the sequence.
(a) Nor is the history of art a parade of geniuses.
(b) There are many ways of understanding modern art and one's time.
(c) Art in a minor key has its place, and we shouldn't underestimate
it, and where it leads.
(d) Not all artists need or even benefit from larger retrospectives.
2
OMO
Four sentences are given below labeled a, b, c and d. Of these, three
sentences need to be
arranged in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From
the given options, choose
the one that does not fit the sequence.
(a) "Wall Street got drunk" was George W Bush's typically incisive
take on the main cause of the
emerging financial crisis in July 2008.
(b) Politicians on the campaign trail have been forced to watch their
every word since the 2006
congressional elections.
(c) But perhaps the wrong intoxicant was being blamed.
(d) Two years later, the governor of the Bank of England, Mervyn King,
explained in his Mansion
House speech that "the role of a central bank in monetary policy is to
take the punch bowl away
just as the party gets going." (something that he admitted had not occurred)
3
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph.
A. Each class would have preached the importance of those virtues, for
whose exercise there was
no necessity in their own lives.
B. Had he gone to his aunt's, he would have been sure to have met Lord
Goodbody there, and the
whole conversation would have been about the feeding of the poor and
the necessity for model
lodging-houses.
C. The rich would have spoken on the value of thrift and the idle
grown eloquent over the dignity of
labour.
D. He pictured to himself with silent amusement the tedious luncheon
that he had missed by
staying so long with his friend.
E. It was charming to have escaped all that!
4
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph.
A. There was something in his face that made one trust him at once.
B. All the candour of youth was there, as well as all youth's passionate purity.
C. No wonder Basil Hallward worshipped him.
D. One felt that he had kept himself unspotted from the world.
E. Yes, he was certainly wonderfully handsome, with his finely curved
scarlet lips, his frank blue
eyes, and his crisp gold hair.
5
Four sentences are given below labeled a, b, c and d. Of these, three
sentences need to be
arranged in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From
the given options, choose
the one that does not fit the sequence.
OMO
(a) Nor is the history of art a parade of geniuses.
(b) There are many ways of understanding modern art and one's time.
(c) Art in a minor key has its place, and we shouldn't underestimate
it, and where it leads.
(d) Not all artists need or even benefit from larger retrospectives.
6
OMO
Four sentences are given below labeled a, b, c and d. Of these, three
sentences need to be
arranged in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From
the given options, choose
the one that does not fit the sequence.
(a) "Wall Street got drunk" was George W Bush's typically incisive
take on the main cause of the
emerging financial crisis in July 2008.
(b) Politicians on the campaign trail have been forced to watch their
every word since the 2006
congressional elections.
(c) But perhaps the wrong intoxicant was being blamed.
(d) Two years later, the governor of the Bank of England, Mervyn King,
explained in his Mansion
House speech that "the role of a central bank in monetary policy is to
take the punch bowl away
just as the party gets going." (something that he admitted had not occurred)
7
Five sentences are given below labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical order
to form a coherent paragraph.
A. But within weeks, none of us was writing like anyone else.
B. Like a fingerprint, our script expresses us uniquely, and in a way
that lasts.
C. It is odd that it should, when school writing lessons were meant to
make everyone write alike.
D. Only the French, with goodness-knows-what writing drills on their
small-squared paper, seem
still to impose a rounded, open, characterless national hand.
E. The more metaphysically minded might say that it transmits the soul to paper.
8
. Five sentences are given below labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need
to be arranged in a logical order
to form a coherent paragraph.
A. South Africa is heading in the opposite direction.
B. Most of all, South Africa needs political competition.
C. The best hope for the country in the years to come is a real split
in the ANC between the populist
left and the fat-cat right to offer a genuine choice for voters.
D. Its neighbours to the north are moving away from the one-party
systems that dragged them to
corruption and stagnation for decades.
E. Until that happens, South Africa is doomed to go down as the rest
of Africa goes up.
9
Five sentences are given below labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical order
to form a coherent paragraph.
A. He leads me through a door in a wall to a windowless, white-tiled
office reminiscent of an
Eastern-bloc interrogation centre.
B. The depot turns out to be a tarmac yard tucked between Shaftesbury
Avenue and Charing Cross
Road.
C. Men in luminous overalls smoke and exchange genial insults.
D. I'm approached by the only person in a suit: the night-shift
manager, Lawrence.
E. Carts and street-sweepers are parked up, as well as Madvacs, the
powered sweepers that
wheel along pavements between cursing pedestrians.
10
1. Five sentences are given below labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need
to be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph.
A. The recent cabinet approvals may have consequences similar to the
RBI Amendment Act of
2006, which established the RBI as a regulator of the bond market and
the currency market.
B. In all the OECD countries but one, a single government agency — the
securities regulator or the
unified financial regulator — deals with all aspects of organised
financial trading.
C. Apart from this, the OECD practice involves a single agency that
regulates all organised financial
trading, with a unified treatment of equities, commodity futures,
interest rate, currencies, corporate
bonds and derivatives.
D. In the US, the treatment of organised financial trading is split
between the CFTC, which deals
with all derivatives, and the SEC, which deals with the spot market.
E. This was a step in the wrong direction, given India's reform agenda
on the regulation and supervision
of securities markets.
Sunday, 12 June 2016
JUNE 13 RC SET
As Internet marketing has matured, it has driven two trends: a
narrower focus on pitching specific consumer groups and a more robust
effort to measure the outcomes of marketing campaigns. In the
pre-Internet world, advertisers were content to pay for television
commercials
whose audience was relatively broad and whose effect was not easily
quantifiable. While a company might use viewership ratings to get
general data about the size and demographics of the audience for its
commercials, there was no way to measure the extent to which these
commercials translated into actual sales.
In contrast, many companies are now moving their marketing dollars
away from traditional advertising outlets towards Internet-based
campaigns that can target specific consumer groups and quantify the
return on marketing investments. For example, pay-per-click search
engines allow companies to pay for small text advertisements that
are displayed only when users search for specific words relevant to
the products and services sold by that company. A company is charged
only when a consumer clicks on the ad and is directed to the company's
website, thereby ensuring that the company's advertising dollars are
spent capturing consumers that demonstrate some interest in its
offerings. Further, using sophisticated web-analytic technology,
companies can track a consumer's online behavior and determine the
exact amount of any online purchases made.
Though hailed as more cost-effective, Internet advertising has its
limits. Proponents of print media argue that newspaper ads more
effectively promote brand awareness and thereby provide better value.
Further, fraud, intense competition, and the rise of ancillary
services—such as
firms that companies must hire to navigate complex webtracking
tools—render Internet marketing more costly than some companies
realize.
1. Each of the following can be inferred from the passage as a
possible consequence of the rise of Internet marketing EXCEPT
a) a decrease in the percentage of marketing dollars spent on
television advertising
b) an increased emphasis on measuring the specific outcomes of ad campaigns
c) the appearance of new marketing-related service firms
d) a decreased emphasis on "brand awareness" as a major marketing goal
e) the emergence of "pay-per-click" search engines
2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which
of the following statements?
a) Companies should invest their marketing dollars only in campaigns
that can target very specific consumer groups.
b) Traditional advertising outlets are usually not worth the cost for
large companies.
c) Companies can significantly decrease their overall marketing
expenditures by shifting to the use of payper- click search engines.
d) For companies that place a premium on precisely measuring the
return on their advertising investment, Internet ads will likely be
more effective than traditional outlets.
e) Contrary to popular belief, advertising in traditional outlets is
actually less expensive than advertising on the Internet.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the
passage about the use of pay-per-click search engines
ads?
a) Most consumers that respond to these ads translate directly into
paying customers.
b) Companies will incur relatively little cost for ads that attract
minimal interest from consumers.
c) Companies with the most impressive websites will
draw the most attention to their ads.
d) Companies with the best brands benefit the most from the ads.
e) Companies that use these ads always have webanalytic technology on
their websites.
4. The third paragraph of the passage serves to
a) point out possible disadvantages of Internet advertising
b) demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of Internet advertising
c) argue against proponents of print media
d) provide further detail on the specific example mentioned in the
second paragraph
<e) contrast newspaper ads with television commercials
*******************************************
One often hears that biographies are autobiographies, that the
biographer is always writing about himself. On the contrary, serious
biographers seek and welcome the unfamiliar, however troublesome to
account for. Ron Chernow, the author of rich biographies of the
American
businessmen J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller, remarks that
biographers "like to stub their toes on hard, uncomfortable facts
strewn in their paths." Such encounters with the unaccountable are
opportunities for breaking out and breaking through, in new
directions, to fresh understanding.
One also often hears that biographers must like their subjects. That
would of course rule out such vastly important subjects as Hitler or
Stalin. In practice, the biographer must like the subject not as a
person but as a subject. Some are good subjects for the author, some
bad. And what makes one subject better than another for any particular
biographer varies dramatically. Some of the reasons are purely
practical. Does the subject need a biography? Are the materials
available? How much time is needed? A biographer's knowledge and
ability also determine the choice. Great scientists are great
subjects,
but can one write about their achievements with insight and authority?
Personal idiosyncrasies matter, too. Biographers tend to be attracted
to subjects who display particular personality traits, whether they be
ambition, cruelty, ingenuity, or any other characteristic that
separates a potential subject from the multitudes.
In choosing a subject, the biographer's main question should be, "Can
an effective book be made out of this person's life?" Day after day
for years, the biographer will try to untangle chronology, compress
relationships without distorting them, and keep the main narrative
clear
while carrying forward several intricate strands of the subject's
life. What pushes most biographers on in this endeavor is not
necessarily affection for the subject but the feeling that they are
writing a good book.
1. It can be inferred that the author makes which of the following
assumptions about biographies?
a) Their main purpose is to inform readers about key aspects of the
subjects' personalities.
b) Only subjects who share traits with biographers make good subjects
for biographies.
c) Compelling biographies cannot be written about ordinary citizens.
d) The biographer's credibility with readers is a factor in the
critical success of a biography.
e) Practical considerations are most important in the selection of a
subject for a biography.
2. The author is primarily concerned with
a) persuading biographers to change their methods
b) refuting some common beliefs about a particular literary genre
c) arguing against continued reform of a historical endeavor
d) refuting an outdated theory of a particular literary genre
e) describing the working methods of certain authors
3. The author mentions Ron Chernow most probably in order to
a) provide a counterexample to a general claim about biography
b) illustrate a questionable assertion regarding biography
c) establish a favorable comparison with an established biographer
d) underscore the importance of research in biography
e) challenge a new approach to biography
********************
The movement for women's rights traces its origin to the first half of
the nineteenth century. The Seneca Falls Convention, held in Seneca
Falls, New York in July of 1848, is commonly regarded as the beginning
of the women's rights movement in the United States. This conference
was preceded by a series of ground-breaking events that made possible
this seminal milestone in the history of American women.
The idea for the convention emerged during the 1840 World Anti-Slavery
Convention in London, a conference that precluded its female delegates
from participation in discussions. Lucretia Mott, a famous women's
rights activist, wrote in her diary that calling the 1840 convention a
"world" convention "was a mere poetical license." She had accompanied
her husband to London but had to sit behind a partition with other
women activists, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who later became
one of the main forces behind the Seneca Falls Convention.
During the early 1840s, Elizabeth Cady Stanton composed the
Declaration of Sentiments, a document modeled after the Declaration of
Independence, declaring the rights of women. At the time of its
composition, the Declaration of Sentiments was so bold that when
Elizabeth Stanton showed the draft to her husband, he stated that if
she
read it at the Seneca Falls Convention, he would have to leave town.
The Declaration contained several new resolutions. It proclaimed that
all men and women are born equal and stated that no man could withhold
a
woman's rights, take her property, or preclude her from the right to
vote. This Declaration also became the foundation for the Seneca Falls
Convention.
On July 19-20, 1848, the Seneca Falls Convention brought together 240
delegates between ages 22 and 60, including forty men, who spent the
two days at the conference debating, refining and voting on the
Declaration of Sentiments. Most of the declaration's resolutions
received
unanimous support and were officially endorsed. Later in 1848, the
Seneca Falls convention was followed by an even larger meeting in
Rochester, New York. Thereafter, national women's conventions were
held annually, contributing to the growing momentum in the movement
for women's rights.
1. Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the passage above?
a) To compare the origin of the women's rights movement with the
current-day situation.
b) To support further expansion of women's rights in the United States.
c) To criticize the nineteenth-century restrictions on women's rights.
d) To explain the reasons for the opposition to the Seneca Falls Convention.
e) To discuss the origin of the women's rights movement.
2. The passage provides information about each of the following, EXCEPT
a) the days on which the Seneca Falls Convention was held
b) the month in which the convention in Rochester was held
c) the year in which the World Anti-Slavery Convention was held
d) the number of candidates participating in the Seneca Falls Convention
e) the location of the World Anti-Slavery Convention
3. The second paragraph of the passage plays which of the following roles?
a) Provides details about the Declaration of Sentiments.
b) Discusses the events leading to the World Anti-Slavery Convention.
c) Describes the position of Lucretia Mott's husband towards her
attendance of the World Anti-Slavery Convention.
d) Demonstrates how the World Anti-Slavery Convention may have
contributed to the momentum behind the movement for women's rights.
e) Explains the reasons for the limited participation of women in the
World Anti-Slavery Convention.
4. Which of the following can be most reasonably inferred from the passage?
a) Most of the delegates of the Seneca Falls Convention subsequently
attended the 1848 convention in Rochester, New York.
b) The Declaration of Sentiments stated that women must not be
confined to housekeeping occupations.
c) The Seneca Falls Convention gathered more than 190 women, none of
whom were younger than 20 years old.
d) The husband of Elizabeth Cady Stanton left town after she read the
Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention.
e) Most delegates at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention were men.
narrower focus on pitching specific consumer groups and a more robust
effort to measure the outcomes of marketing campaigns. In the
pre-Internet world, advertisers were content to pay for television
commercials
whose audience was relatively broad and whose effect was not easily
quantifiable. While a company might use viewership ratings to get
general data about the size and demographics of the audience for its
commercials, there was no way to measure the extent to which these
commercials translated into actual sales.
In contrast, many companies are now moving their marketing dollars
away from traditional advertising outlets towards Internet-based
campaigns that can target specific consumer groups and quantify the
return on marketing investments. For example, pay-per-click search
engines allow companies to pay for small text advertisements that
are displayed only when users search for specific words relevant to
the products and services sold by that company. A company is charged
only when a consumer clicks on the ad and is directed to the company's
website, thereby ensuring that the company's advertising dollars are
spent capturing consumers that demonstrate some interest in its
offerings. Further, using sophisticated web-analytic technology,
companies can track a consumer's online behavior and determine the
exact amount of any online purchases made.
Though hailed as more cost-effective, Internet advertising has its
limits. Proponents of print media argue that newspaper ads more
effectively promote brand awareness and thereby provide better value.
Further, fraud, intense competition, and the rise of ancillary
services—such as
firms that companies must hire to navigate complex webtracking
tools—render Internet marketing more costly than some companies
realize.
1. Each of the following can be inferred from the passage as a
possible consequence of the rise of Internet marketing EXCEPT
a) a decrease in the percentage of marketing dollars spent on
television advertising
b) an increased emphasis on measuring the specific outcomes of ad campaigns
c) the appearance of new marketing-related service firms
d) a decreased emphasis on "brand awareness" as a major marketing goal
e) the emergence of "pay-per-click" search engines
2. The author of the passage would be most likely to agree with which
of the following statements?
a) Companies should invest their marketing dollars only in campaigns
that can target very specific consumer groups.
b) Traditional advertising outlets are usually not worth the cost for
large companies.
c) Companies can significantly decrease their overall marketing
expenditures by shifting to the use of payper- click search engines.
d) For companies that place a premium on precisely measuring the
return on their advertising investment, Internet ads will likely be
more effective than traditional outlets.
e) Contrary to popular belief, advertising in traditional outlets is
actually less expensive than advertising on the Internet.
3. Which of the following can be inferred from the
passage about the use of pay-per-click search engines
ads?
a) Most consumers that respond to these ads translate directly into
paying customers.
b) Companies will incur relatively little cost for ads that attract
minimal interest from consumers.
c) Companies with the most impressive websites will
draw the most attention to their ads.
d) Companies with the best brands benefit the most from the ads.
e) Companies that use these ads always have webanalytic technology on
their websites.
4. The third paragraph of the passage serves to
a) point out possible disadvantages of Internet advertising
b) demonstrate the cost-effectiveness of Internet advertising
c) argue against proponents of print media
d) provide further detail on the specific example mentioned in the
second paragraph
<e) contrast newspaper ads with television commercials
*******************************************
One often hears that biographies are autobiographies, that the
biographer is always writing about himself. On the contrary, serious
biographers seek and welcome the unfamiliar, however troublesome to
account for. Ron Chernow, the author of rich biographies of the
American
businessmen J.P. Morgan and John D. Rockefeller, remarks that
biographers "like to stub their toes on hard, uncomfortable facts
strewn in their paths." Such encounters with the unaccountable are
opportunities for breaking out and breaking through, in new
directions, to fresh understanding.
One also often hears that biographers must like their subjects. That
would of course rule out such vastly important subjects as Hitler or
Stalin. In practice, the biographer must like the subject not as a
person but as a subject. Some are good subjects for the author, some
bad. And what makes one subject better than another for any particular
biographer varies dramatically. Some of the reasons are purely
practical. Does the subject need a biography? Are the materials
available? How much time is needed? A biographer's knowledge and
ability also determine the choice. Great scientists are great
subjects,
but can one write about their achievements with insight and authority?
Personal idiosyncrasies matter, too. Biographers tend to be attracted
to subjects who display particular personality traits, whether they be
ambition, cruelty, ingenuity, or any other characteristic that
separates a potential subject from the multitudes.
In choosing a subject, the biographer's main question should be, "Can
an effective book be made out of this person's life?" Day after day
for years, the biographer will try to untangle chronology, compress
relationships without distorting them, and keep the main narrative
clear
while carrying forward several intricate strands of the subject's
life. What pushes most biographers on in this endeavor is not
necessarily affection for the subject but the feeling that they are
writing a good book.
1. It can be inferred that the author makes which of the following
assumptions about biographies?
a) Their main purpose is to inform readers about key aspects of the
subjects' personalities.
b) Only subjects who share traits with biographers make good subjects
for biographies.
c) Compelling biographies cannot be written about ordinary citizens.
d) The biographer's credibility with readers is a factor in the
critical success of a biography.
e) Practical considerations are most important in the selection of a
subject for a biography.
2. The author is primarily concerned with
a) persuading biographers to change their methods
b) refuting some common beliefs about a particular literary genre
c) arguing against continued reform of a historical endeavor
d) refuting an outdated theory of a particular literary genre
e) describing the working methods of certain authors
3. The author mentions Ron Chernow most probably in order to
a) provide a counterexample to a general claim about biography
b) illustrate a questionable assertion regarding biography
c) establish a favorable comparison with an established biographer
d) underscore the importance of research in biography
e) challenge a new approach to biography
********************
The movement for women's rights traces its origin to the first half of
the nineteenth century. The Seneca Falls Convention, held in Seneca
Falls, New York in July of 1848, is commonly regarded as the beginning
of the women's rights movement in the United States. This conference
was preceded by a series of ground-breaking events that made possible
this seminal milestone in the history of American women.
The idea for the convention emerged during the 1840 World Anti-Slavery
Convention in London, a conference that precluded its female delegates
from participation in discussions. Lucretia Mott, a famous women's
rights activist, wrote in her diary that calling the 1840 convention a
"world" convention "was a mere poetical license." She had accompanied
her husband to London but had to sit behind a partition with other
women activists, including Elizabeth Cady Stanton, who later became
one of the main forces behind the Seneca Falls Convention.
During the early 1840s, Elizabeth Cady Stanton composed the
Declaration of Sentiments, a document modeled after the Declaration of
Independence, declaring the rights of women. At the time of its
composition, the Declaration of Sentiments was so bold that when
Elizabeth Stanton showed the draft to her husband, he stated that if
she
read it at the Seneca Falls Convention, he would have to leave town.
The Declaration contained several new resolutions. It proclaimed that
all men and women are born equal and stated that no man could withhold
a
woman's rights, take her property, or preclude her from the right to
vote. This Declaration also became the foundation for the Seneca Falls
Convention.
On July 19-20, 1848, the Seneca Falls Convention brought together 240
delegates between ages 22 and 60, including forty men, who spent the
two days at the conference debating, refining and voting on the
Declaration of Sentiments. Most of the declaration's resolutions
received
unanimous support and were officially endorsed. Later in 1848, the
Seneca Falls convention was followed by an even larger meeting in
Rochester, New York. Thereafter, national women's conventions were
held annually, contributing to the growing momentum in the movement
for women's rights.
1. Which of the following best describes the main purpose of the passage above?
a) To compare the origin of the women's rights movement with the
current-day situation.
b) To support further expansion of women's rights in the United States.
c) To criticize the nineteenth-century restrictions on women's rights.
d) To explain the reasons for the opposition to the Seneca Falls Convention.
e) To discuss the origin of the women's rights movement.
2. The passage provides information about each of the following, EXCEPT
a) the days on which the Seneca Falls Convention was held
b) the month in which the convention in Rochester was held
c) the year in which the World Anti-Slavery Convention was held
d) the number of candidates participating in the Seneca Falls Convention
e) the location of the World Anti-Slavery Convention
3. The second paragraph of the passage plays which of the following roles?
a) Provides details about the Declaration of Sentiments.
b) Discusses the events leading to the World Anti-Slavery Convention.
c) Describes the position of Lucretia Mott's husband towards her
attendance of the World Anti-Slavery Convention.
d) Demonstrates how the World Anti-Slavery Convention may have
contributed to the momentum behind the movement for women's rights.
e) Explains the reasons for the limited participation of women in the
World Anti-Slavery Convention.
4. Which of the following can be most reasonably inferred from the passage?
a) Most of the delegates of the Seneca Falls Convention subsequently
attended the 1848 convention in Rochester, New York.
b) The Declaration of Sentiments stated that women must not be
confined to housekeeping occupations.
c) The Seneca Falls Convention gathered more than 190 women, none of
whom were younger than 20 years old.
d) The husband of Elizabeth Cady Stanton left town after she read the
Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention.
e) Most delegates at the 1840 World Anti-Slavery Convention were men.
Saturday, 11 June 2016
VARC CLASSROOM PARAJUMBLES
3
1. Five sentences are given below labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need
to be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph. From the given options, choose the
most appropriate one.
A. The recent cabinet approvals may have consequences similar to the
RBI Amendment Act of
2006, which established the RBI as a regulator of the bond market and
the currency market.
B. In all the OECD countries but one, a single government agency — the
securities regulator or the
unified financial regulator — deals with all aspects of organised
financial trading.
C. Apart from this, the OECD practice involves a single agency that
regulates all organised financial
trading, with a unified treatment of equities, commodity futures,
interest rate, currencies, corporate
bonds and derivatives.
D. In the US, the treatment of organised financial trading is split
between the CFTC, which deals
with all derivatives, and the SEC, which deals with the spot market.
E. This was a step in the wrong direction, given India's reform agenda
on the regulation and supervision
of securities markets.
(a) AEDBC (b) BDCAE (c) DBCAE (d) AEBDC
4
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
option.
A. The species, which are most numerous in individuals, will have the
best chance of producing
variations within any given period.
B. Hence any rare species will be less quickly modified or improved
within any given period, and
they will be consequently beaten in the race for life by the modified
descendants of the commoner
species.
C. From these considerations I think it inevitably follows, that as
new species in the course of time
are formed others will become rare and finally extinct.
D. We have evidence of this in the fact that it is the more common
species that afford the greatest
number of varieties, or incipient species.
E. Extinction or survival, therefore, is a function of a parameter
that is totally beyond the control of
the species.
(a) ABCDE (b) ADBCE (c) BCAED (d) EDABC
5
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
option.
A. The good news is that a major deficiency in rainfall, as had
happened last year, is an extremely
remote possibility.
B. Two crucial indicators, the El Nino, caused by difference in sea
surface temperatures in the
Indian Ocean, and the Indian Ocean Dipole, are both moving in a
direction that is positive for a
good monsoon.
C. The first long-range forecast for the rainfall during the
four-month period of July- September
indicates rain around the end of this month.
D. It is still very early days for a monsoon forecast for this season
but at least the available signs as
of now are all pointing in the right direction.
E. Even the persistent & sustained heat is the past few days over most
of central and Northern
India is likely to help in good rainfall.
(a) ADBCE (b) DABCE (c) BCDEA (d) DCBEA
6
Four sentences are given below, labelled A, B, C and D. They need to
be arranged in a logical order
to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options, choose
the most appropriate option.
A. It is against this background and in this context that we must
begin our understanding of political
theory.
B. Students of anthropology and of animal behavior are making it
increasingly clear that in man,
most of the other primates, and in many other animal species as well,
social life and organization
are primary biological survival devices.
C. What we call political and social organization— the customs,
practices, and procedures that
with varying degrees of firmness hold men together in interrelated
groups— is perhaps the most
important form of human adaptation to environment, both external and internal.
D. Man has no leathery armor like a turtle or spines like a porcupine,
but he does have social life
and the capacity to organize it effectively for survival purposes.
(a) BCAD (b) CBDA (c) BCDA (d) DCBA.
7
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
option.
A. Fortunately, global wealth and technology allow us to better
prepare for and respond to natural
disasters.
B. It does not necessarily mean that volcanoes and quakes are getting
worse — but rather that
there are more of us living in areas where we might be affected by a
disaster, and we have more
to lose.
C. As global populations have grown and people have crowded into risk
zones — like earthquake
areas and flood plains — the toll of natural disasters has grown as well.
D. According to the Center for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters,
the number of catastrophic
events has more than doubled since the 1980s.
E. The Red Cross estimates that the economic damage from disasters
rose fivefold, to $629 billion,
from 1985 to 2005.
(a) CDBEA (b) BCDEA (c) CDEBA (d) CADEB
8
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
option.
A. That may be beyond us, but as long as there are tears and
suffering, so long our work will not be
over.
B. The service of India means the service of the millions who suffer.
C. That future is not one of ease or resting but of incessant striving
so that we may fulfil the pledges
we have so often taken and the one we shall take today.
D. It means the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and
inequality of opportunity.
E. The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe
every tear from every eye.
(a) BDCEA (b) CBDEA (c) CDEBA (d) CEABD
9
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
option.
A. So that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls
who neither know victory nor
defeat.
B. Who strives valiantly; who errs, who comes short again and again,
because there is no effort
without error and shortcoming; but who does actually strive to do the deeds.
C. It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the
strong man stumbles, or
where the doer of deeds could have done them better.
D. Who knows great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends
himself in a worthy cause;
who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and
who at the worst, if he
fails, at least fails while daring greatly,
E. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose
face is marred by dust and
sweat and blood.
(a) EBDAC (b) CEDBA (c) DBAEC (d) CEBDA
10
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
one.
A. Capping it all was a row about the legitimacy of holding election
events in government property.
B. Not a problem, the Labour party insisted, for this was a PFI
hospital and thus commercial
property.
C. Gordon Brown then set out his manifesto in front of a peculiar
mixture of party supporters and
journalists, some of whom were jeered for asking impertinent questions.
D. The stage seemed set for a typical, if rather embarrassing, New Labour event.
E. In a Birmingham hospital, Soul Man blasted out while the likes of
Pat McFadden and Bob
Ainsworth fumbled in choreographed order towards their seats.
(a) DEACB (b) DECAB (c) EBADC (d) EDCAB
1. Five sentences are given below labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need
to be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph. From the given options, choose the
most appropriate one.
A. The recent cabinet approvals may have consequences similar to the
RBI Amendment Act of
2006, which established the RBI as a regulator of the bond market and
the currency market.
B. In all the OECD countries but one, a single government agency — the
securities regulator or the
unified financial regulator — deals with all aspects of organised
financial trading.
C. Apart from this, the OECD practice involves a single agency that
regulates all organised financial
trading, with a unified treatment of equities, commodity futures,
interest rate, currencies, corporate
bonds and derivatives.
D. In the US, the treatment of organised financial trading is split
between the CFTC, which deals
with all derivatives, and the SEC, which deals with the spot market.
E. This was a step in the wrong direction, given India's reform agenda
on the regulation and supervision
of securities markets.
(a) AEDBC (b) BDCAE (c) DBCAE (d) AEBDC
4
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
option.
A. The species, which are most numerous in individuals, will have the
best chance of producing
variations within any given period.
B. Hence any rare species will be less quickly modified or improved
within any given period, and
they will be consequently beaten in the race for life by the modified
descendants of the commoner
species.
C. From these considerations I think it inevitably follows, that as
new species in the course of time
are formed others will become rare and finally extinct.
D. We have evidence of this in the fact that it is the more common
species that afford the greatest
number of varieties, or incipient species.
E. Extinction or survival, therefore, is a function of a parameter
that is totally beyond the control of
the species.
(a) ABCDE (b) ADBCE (c) BCAED (d) EDABC
5
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
option.
A. The good news is that a major deficiency in rainfall, as had
happened last year, is an extremely
remote possibility.
B. Two crucial indicators, the El Nino, caused by difference in sea
surface temperatures in the
Indian Ocean, and the Indian Ocean Dipole, are both moving in a
direction that is positive for a
good monsoon.
C. The first long-range forecast for the rainfall during the
four-month period of July- September
indicates rain around the end of this month.
D. It is still very early days for a monsoon forecast for this season
but at least the available signs as
of now are all pointing in the right direction.
E. Even the persistent & sustained heat is the past few days over most
of central and Northern
India is likely to help in good rainfall.
(a) ADBCE (b) DABCE (c) BCDEA (d) DCBEA
6
Four sentences are given below, labelled A, B, C and D. They need to
be arranged in a logical order
to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options, choose
the most appropriate option.
A. It is against this background and in this context that we must
begin our understanding of political
theory.
B. Students of anthropology and of animal behavior are making it
increasingly clear that in man,
most of the other primates, and in many other animal species as well,
social life and organization
are primary biological survival devices.
C. What we call political and social organization— the customs,
practices, and procedures that
with varying degrees of firmness hold men together in interrelated
groups— is perhaps the most
important form of human adaptation to environment, both external and internal.
D. Man has no leathery armor like a turtle or spines like a porcupine,
but he does have social life
and the capacity to organize it effectively for survival purposes.
(a) BCAD (b) CBDA (c) BCDA (d) DCBA.
7
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
option.
A. Fortunately, global wealth and technology allow us to better
prepare for and respond to natural
disasters.
B. It does not necessarily mean that volcanoes and quakes are getting
worse — but rather that
there are more of us living in areas where we might be affected by a
disaster, and we have more
to lose.
C. As global populations have grown and people have crowded into risk
zones — like earthquake
areas and flood plains — the toll of natural disasters has grown as well.
D. According to the Center for Research on Epidemiology of Disasters,
the number of catastrophic
events has more than doubled since the 1980s.
E. The Red Cross estimates that the economic damage from disasters
rose fivefold, to $629 billion,
from 1985 to 2005.
(a) CDBEA (b) BCDEA (c) CDEBA (d) CADEB
8
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
option.
A. That may be beyond us, but as long as there are tears and
suffering, so long our work will not be
over.
B. The service of India means the service of the millions who suffer.
C. That future is not one of ease or resting but of incessant striving
so that we may fulfil the pledges
we have so often taken and the one we shall take today.
D. It means the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and
inequality of opportunity.
E. The ambition of the greatest man of our generation has been to wipe
every tear from every eye.
(a) BDCEA (b) CBDEA (c) CDEBA (d) CEABD
9
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
option.
A. So that his place shall never be with those cold and timid souls
who neither know victory nor
defeat.
B. Who strives valiantly; who errs, who comes short again and again,
because there is no effort
without error and shortcoming; but who does actually strive to do the deeds.
C. It is not the critic who counts; not the man who points out how the
strong man stumbles, or
where the doer of deeds could have done them better.
D. Who knows great enthusiasms, the great devotions; who spends
himself in a worthy cause;
who at the best knows in the end the triumph of high achievement, and
who at the worst, if he
fails, at least fails while daring greatly,
E. The credit belongs to the man who is actually in the arena, whose
face is marred by dust and
sweat and blood.
(a) EBDAC (b) CEDBA (c) DBAEC (d) CEBDA
10
Five sentences are given below, labeled A, B, C, D and E. They need to
be arranged in a logical
order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options,
choose the most appropriate
one.
A. Capping it all was a row about the legitimacy of holding election
events in government property.
B. Not a problem, the Labour party insisted, for this was a PFI
hospital and thus commercial
property.
C. Gordon Brown then set out his manifesto in front of a peculiar
mixture of party supporters and
journalists, some of whom were jeered for asking impertinent questions.
D. The stage seemed set for a typical, if rather embarrassing, New Labour event.
E. In a Birmingham hospital, Soul Man blasted out while the likes of
Pat McFadden and Bob
Ainsworth fumbled in choreographed order towards their seats.
(a) DEACB (b) DECAB (c) EBADC (d) EDCAB
Friday, 10 June 2016
JUNE 11 RC#1
Before the age of space exploration, the size and composition of the
moon's core were astronomical mysteries. Astronomers assumed that the
moon's core was smaller than that of the Earth, in both relative and
absolute terms — the radius of the Earth's core is 55 percent of the
overall radius of the Earth and the core's mass is 32 percent of the
Earth's overall mass — but they had no way to verify their assumption.
However, data gathered by Lunar Prospector have now given astronomers
the ability to determine that the moon's core accounts for 20 percent
of the moon's radius and for a mere 2 percent of its overall mass.
The data have been used in two ways. In the first method, scientists
measured minute variations in radio signals from Lunar Prospector as
the craft moved towards or away from the Earth. These variations
allowed scientists to detect even the slightest changes in the craft's
velocity while the craft orbited the moon. These changes resulted
from inconsistency in the gravitational pull of the moon on the craft,
and permitted scientists to create a "gravity map" of both near and
far sides of the moon. This map, in turn, revealed to scientists the
distribution of the moon's internal mass. Scientists were then able to
determine that the moon has a small, metallic core, which, if composed
mostly of iron, has a radius of approximately 350 kilometers. The
second method involved examining the faint magnetic field generated
within the moon itself by the moon's monthly passage through the tail
of the Earth's magnetosphere. This approach confirmed the results
obtained through examination of the gravity map.
The size and composition of the moon's core are not academic
concerns; they have serious implications for our understanding of the
moon's origins. For example, if the moon and Earth developed as
distinct entities, the sizes of their cores should be more comparable.
In actuality, it seems that the moon was once part of the Earth and
broke away at an early stage in the Earth's evolution, perhaps as the
result of a major asteroid impact. The impact could have loosened iron
that had not already sunk to the core of the Earth, allowing it to
form the core around which the moon eventually coalesced.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is best expressed as
a) The author discusses the method of data utilization that proved
that the moon was once part of the earth.
b) The author discusses the methods of data utilization that changed
scientists' opinions about the relative sizes of the earth's and
moon's cores.
c) The passage studies the method that, using data about radii and
core mass, led to important implications about the origin of the
planets.
d) The passage studies the use of scientific methods to analyze data
and confirm a hypothesis and references possible deductions.
e) The passage discusses the implications following from the size of
the Earth's core.
2.According to the passage, scientists employed one research method
that measured
a) changes in a spacecraft's velocity as it returned to Earth
b) changes in the gravitational pull on the Lunar Prospector as it
orbited the moon
c) changes in the moon's gravity as it orbited the earth
d) changes in a spacecraft's radio signals as it changed position
relative to the earth
e) changes in the moon's gravitational pull over time
3.The author mentioned "gravity map" in the second paragraph in order to
a) illustrate the method used to correct the Lunar Prospector's velocity
b) confirm the results obtained by examining the moon's magnetic field
c) detail a step in the investigation of the composition of a specific
orbiting body
d) detail a step in the investigation of the effects of gravity on the
moon and earth
e) explain a step in the process of confirming a new hypothesis and
discarding an older theory
4. It can be inferred from the passage that
a) the earth's core contributes a higher proportion of both the
earth's total radius and its total mass than the core of the moon
contributes to its own total radius and mass
b) a comparison of the earth's and moon's cores suggests that the
earth did break away from the moon
c) scientists will eventually be able to use the gravity map to
further the proof that a major asteroid impact caused the earth and
moon to separate
d) because the earth and moon were once joined, it is probable that
scientists will eventually discover fossils and other evidence on the
moon that indicates that a major asteroid impact caused the extinction
of the dinosaurs
e) the moon's core has a higher ratio of iron in its composition than
does the earth's
moon's core were astronomical mysteries. Astronomers assumed that the
moon's core was smaller than that of the Earth, in both relative and
absolute terms — the radius of the Earth's core is 55 percent of the
overall radius of the Earth and the core's mass is 32 percent of the
Earth's overall mass — but they had no way to verify their assumption.
However, data gathered by Lunar Prospector have now given astronomers
the ability to determine that the moon's core accounts for 20 percent
of the moon's radius and for a mere 2 percent of its overall mass.
The data have been used in two ways. In the first method, scientists
measured minute variations in radio signals from Lunar Prospector as
the craft moved towards or away from the Earth. These variations
allowed scientists to detect even the slightest changes in the craft's
velocity while the craft orbited the moon. These changes resulted
from inconsistency in the gravitational pull of the moon on the craft,
and permitted scientists to create a "gravity map" of both near and
far sides of the moon. This map, in turn, revealed to scientists the
distribution of the moon's internal mass. Scientists were then able to
determine that the moon has a small, metallic core, which, if composed
mostly of iron, has a radius of approximately 350 kilometers. The
second method involved examining the faint magnetic field generated
within the moon itself by the moon's monthly passage through the tail
of the Earth's magnetosphere. This approach confirmed the results
obtained through examination of the gravity map.
The size and composition of the moon's core are not academic
concerns; they have serious implications for our understanding of the
moon's origins. For example, if the moon and Earth developed as
distinct entities, the sizes of their cores should be more comparable.
In actuality, it seems that the moon was once part of the Earth and
broke away at an early stage in the Earth's evolution, perhaps as the
result of a major asteroid impact. The impact could have loosened iron
that had not already sunk to the core of the Earth, allowing it to
form the core around which the moon eventually coalesced.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is best expressed as
a) The author discusses the method of data utilization that proved
that the moon was once part of the earth.
b) The author discusses the methods of data utilization that changed
scientists' opinions about the relative sizes of the earth's and
moon's cores.
c) The passage studies the method that, using data about radii and
core mass, led to important implications about the origin of the
planets.
d) The passage studies the use of scientific methods to analyze data
and confirm a hypothesis and references possible deductions.
e) The passage discusses the implications following from the size of
the Earth's core.
2.According to the passage, scientists employed one research method
that measured
a) changes in a spacecraft's velocity as it returned to Earth
b) changes in the gravitational pull on the Lunar Prospector as it
orbited the moon
c) changes in the moon's gravity as it orbited the earth
d) changes in a spacecraft's radio signals as it changed position
relative to the earth
e) changes in the moon's gravitational pull over time
3.The author mentioned "gravity map" in the second paragraph in order to
a) illustrate the method used to correct the Lunar Prospector's velocity
b) confirm the results obtained by examining the moon's magnetic field
c) detail a step in the investigation of the composition of a specific
orbiting body
d) detail a step in the investigation of the effects of gravity on the
moon and earth
e) explain a step in the process of confirming a new hypothesis and
discarding an older theory
4. It can be inferred from the passage that
a) the earth's core contributes a higher proportion of both the
earth's total radius and its total mass than the core of the moon
contributes to its own total radius and mass
b) a comparison of the earth's and moon's cores suggests that the
earth did break away from the moon
c) scientists will eventually be able to use the gravity map to
further the proof that a major asteroid impact caused the earth and
moon to separate
d) because the earth and moon were once joined, it is probable that
scientists will eventually discover fossils and other evidence on the
moon that indicates that a major asteroid impact caused the extinction
of the dinosaurs
e) the moon's core has a higher ratio of iron in its composition than
does the earth's
Thursday, 9 June 2016
June 10 RC#2
In April 1841, medical missionary Reverend Peter Parker, M.D.,
addressed an enthusiastic audience gathered at a special meeting of
the Boston Medical Association. His subject was "the condition and
prospects of the hospitals of China." He described his own work at the
hospital he had established in the foreign factory district outside
the
city walls of Canton where he offered free treatment for both rich and
poor. At P'u Ai I Yuan (Hospital of Universal Love, as it was known in
Chinese) Parker and his colleagues used western surgical techniques as
a means to facilitate religious conversion. Medicine, Parker believed,
could be the "handmaid of religious truth," and he held regular
religious services for his patients.
While he had, at best, modest success attracting converts to
Christianity, the hospital had fostered tremendous goodwill among the
Chinese. It was a bright spot amid the gloomy period of
Western-Chinese tension that led to the outbreak of the Opium Wars
between Great Britain and China. Forced to flee Canton because of
these rising
hostilities, Parker returned to the United States to raise money and
interest in his operations. In the spring of 1841, he spoke to many
religious societies, a few medical bodies, and even the United States
Congress, where he preached to members of the House and Senate and
lobbied legislators on the need for diplomatic relations with China.
In his talks, Parker described the state of medical and surgical
knowledge—or, rather, scientific ignorance—in China. Despite the
surgical feats of legendary ancient doctors such as Hua T'o of the
third century A.D., surgery did not develop to any great extent in
China. Some accounts attribute this to Confucian precepts about the
integrity of
the body and proscriptions against any form of mutilation or
dismemberment; others emphasize the pharmacological tendencies within
traditional Chinese medicine and a preference for moxas and other
caustic plasters.
Whatever the cause, it was undoubtedly the case that Parker's surgical
practice tapped into a huge unmet need. Almost as soon as he opened
his Ophthalmic Hospital in Canton, as it was known in English, he
acquired a reputation as a surgeon of such skill that the hospital
quickly became a general hospital. Parker and his small staff handled
thousands of cases each year, treating more than fifty thousand cases
by the 1850s. His hospital became the model for other medical
missions, and Parker and his British colleagues formed the Medical
Missionary Society of China to coordinate the efforts of all the
western
hospitals springing up in the trading ports of Asia. Parker earned his
reputation performing operations to remove tumors and cataracts—forms
of surgery with relatively good odds of success and ones that could be
accomplished quickly, important in an era without anesthetics. Because
of the absence of surgery in China, a large number of patients were
afflicted with mature tumors (typically five to thirty-five years old)
of a size seldom seen in Europe or the United States. Parker was able
to help these patients in ways previously thought impossible in China.
He has thus been credited with bringing Western medicine to the most
populous country on Earth.
1. The author mentions Hua T'o in the third paragraph most probably in order to
a) underscore the need for modernization of nineteenth century Chinese medicine
b) trace the history of important figures in Chinese medicine
c) call attention to the lack of leading physicians in nineteenth century China
d) celebrate the historical achievements of Chinese physicians
e) defend Chinese medicine against unfair criticism
2. According to the passage, all of the following are true of Peter
Parker EXCEPT
a) He was skilled as a surgeon.
b) He believed that the poor deserved quality medical treatment.
c) He felt disdain for the medical practices of nineteenth century China.
d) He lobbied intensely to bring Western medical knowledge to China.
e) He did not achieve his missionary goals in China.
3. The primary purpose of the passage is to
a) discuss the status of the medical profession in China before the
arrival of Peter Parker
b) argue that China could not have gained modern medical knowledge
without the influence of Peter Parker
c) demonstrate the need in China before the nineteenth century for
outside medical knowledge
d) challenge the predominant view of nineteenth century Chinese medicine
e) examine the circumstances of the introduction of Western medicine
to nineteenth century China
addressed an enthusiastic audience gathered at a special meeting of
the Boston Medical Association. His subject was "the condition and
prospects of the hospitals of China." He described his own work at the
hospital he had established in the foreign factory district outside
the
city walls of Canton where he offered free treatment for both rich and
poor. At P'u Ai I Yuan (Hospital of Universal Love, as it was known in
Chinese) Parker and his colleagues used western surgical techniques as
a means to facilitate religious conversion. Medicine, Parker believed,
could be the "handmaid of religious truth," and he held regular
religious services for his patients.
While he had, at best, modest success attracting converts to
Christianity, the hospital had fostered tremendous goodwill among the
Chinese. It was a bright spot amid the gloomy period of
Western-Chinese tension that led to the outbreak of the Opium Wars
between Great Britain and China. Forced to flee Canton because of
these rising
hostilities, Parker returned to the United States to raise money and
interest in his operations. In the spring of 1841, he spoke to many
religious societies, a few medical bodies, and even the United States
Congress, where he preached to members of the House and Senate and
lobbied legislators on the need for diplomatic relations with China.
In his talks, Parker described the state of medical and surgical
knowledge—or, rather, scientific ignorance—in China. Despite the
surgical feats of legendary ancient doctors such as Hua T'o of the
third century A.D., surgery did not develop to any great extent in
China. Some accounts attribute this to Confucian precepts about the
integrity of
the body and proscriptions against any form of mutilation or
dismemberment; others emphasize the pharmacological tendencies within
traditional Chinese medicine and a preference for moxas and other
caustic plasters.
Whatever the cause, it was undoubtedly the case that Parker's surgical
practice tapped into a huge unmet need. Almost as soon as he opened
his Ophthalmic Hospital in Canton, as it was known in English, he
acquired a reputation as a surgeon of such skill that the hospital
quickly became a general hospital. Parker and his small staff handled
thousands of cases each year, treating more than fifty thousand cases
by the 1850s. His hospital became the model for other medical
missions, and Parker and his British colleagues formed the Medical
Missionary Society of China to coordinate the efforts of all the
western
hospitals springing up in the trading ports of Asia. Parker earned his
reputation performing operations to remove tumors and cataracts—forms
of surgery with relatively good odds of success and ones that could be
accomplished quickly, important in an era without anesthetics. Because
of the absence of surgery in China, a large number of patients were
afflicted with mature tumors (typically five to thirty-five years old)
of a size seldom seen in Europe or the United States. Parker was able
to help these patients in ways previously thought impossible in China.
He has thus been credited with bringing Western medicine to the most
populous country on Earth.
1. The author mentions Hua T'o in the third paragraph most probably in order to
a) underscore the need for modernization of nineteenth century Chinese medicine
b) trace the history of important figures in Chinese medicine
c) call attention to the lack of leading physicians in nineteenth century China
d) celebrate the historical achievements of Chinese physicians
e) defend Chinese medicine against unfair criticism
2. According to the passage, all of the following are true of Peter
Parker EXCEPT
a) He was skilled as a surgeon.
b) He believed that the poor deserved quality medical treatment.
c) He felt disdain for the medical practices of nineteenth century China.
d) He lobbied intensely to bring Western medical knowledge to China.
e) He did not achieve his missionary goals in China.
3. The primary purpose of the passage is to
a) discuss the status of the medical profession in China before the
arrival of Peter Parker
b) argue that China could not have gained modern medical knowledge
without the influence of Peter Parker
c) demonstrate the need in China before the nineteenth century for
outside medical knowledge
d) challenge the predominant view of nineteenth century Chinese medicine
e) examine the circumstances of the introduction of Western medicine
to nineteenth century China
June 10 RC#1
A clone is a genetically identical copy of a living organism. Human
clones are nothing new; they occur naturally in the recognizable form
of identical twins. Not until the successful cloning of a sheep called
Dolly, however, has the possibility of intentionally producing an
identical copy
of a human been considered seriously.
Production of a human clone would most likely utilize the same basic
methodology that resulted in Dolly. A human egg would be retrieved
from an individual, and its genetic material (DNA) would be removed
and replaced with DNA derived from any adult human cell type. This
would bypass the need for fertilization of the egg by the sperm in
order
to obtain a full complement of DNA. In a laboratory dish, the egg
would then undergo several cell divisions. Placed into a uterus, the
resulting embryo would grow and, with luck, develop until birth.
Although this cloning technique is conceptually and procedurally
simple, its success rate has been extremely low. The birth of one
Dolly, for instance, required the preparation of 277 re-nucleated
eggs, followed by the implantation of 29 resulting best embryos. The
low success rate can be attributed to the difference between the young
DNA of a normally fertilized egg and the genetic material of the
re-nucleated egg, which is mature and of defined destiny – it has
already committed itself to a particular physiological role. In order
for proper fetal development
to occur, mature DNA must be coaxed into reverting to its youthful
state, a complex process that will be difficult to achieve for the
human species.
Beyond the practical difficulties of intentional human cloning,
scientists, politicians, and others have raised serious ethical
concerns about this practice. For example, there is a chance that the
cloning procedure would adversely affect the developing embryo. There
also might be deleterious effects on the long-term health of the
clone. Proponents of human cloning counter that human sexual
reproduction is not a risk-free affair either. Even if human cloning
could be made safe, the motivations behind producing human clones do
not fall clearly on one side of the ethical divide. While proponents
stress potentially
appealing motivations – a man and a woman who are both carriers of a
genetic disease can use cloning to assure that their child will not be
afflicted with the disorder – critics argue that the practice could
and likely would be used for unethical ends, such as to select for
certain traits, such as hair/eye color or sexual orientation, for
example.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
a) dismiss a new scientific method as unethical
b) defend a medical procedure against unwarranted attack
c) explain a process and its ramifications
d) describe a hypothesis and its negative consequences
e) analyze the possible outcomes of a new medical approach
2. The author of the passage mentions Dolly most probably in order to
a) suggest that human cloning is feasible
b) show that the ethical concerns against cloning are misguided
c) argue that nonhuman cloning is less efficient than human cloning
d) establish a basis for an argument against human cloning
e) refute a counterargument in favor of human cloning.
3. According to the passage, which of the following is a potential
obstacle to human cloning?
a) Lack of adequately prepared human eggs
b) Predetermination of DNA function within the adult body
c) Shortage of funding for additional research
d) Inability to pinpoint specific biological relationships within an egg
e) Unpredictability of chemical reactions within the uterus
4. The passage suggests which of the following?
a) Human cloning is reachable within ten years.
b) The cloning of nonhuman animals has always been successful.
c) The eggs of nonhuman animals are easier to obtain than human
eggs.
d) DNA taken from an adult human cell contains DNA from both parents.
e) Human DNA is less predictable than nonhuman DNA.
5. Which of the following is NOT given in the passage as a reason not
to pursue human cloning?
a) The unknown effects of cloning on adult human clones.
b) The potential harm to cloned embryos.
c) The chance that cloning will be used to select for only certain
socially advantageous characteristics.
d) The technical difficulty of obtaining suitable DNA.
e) The exorbitant costs associated with the medical procedures used in cloning.
clones are nothing new; they occur naturally in the recognizable form
of identical twins. Not until the successful cloning of a sheep called
Dolly, however, has the possibility of intentionally producing an
identical copy
of a human been considered seriously.
Production of a human clone would most likely utilize the same basic
methodology that resulted in Dolly. A human egg would be retrieved
from an individual, and its genetic material (DNA) would be removed
and replaced with DNA derived from any adult human cell type. This
would bypass the need for fertilization of the egg by the sperm in
order
to obtain a full complement of DNA. In a laboratory dish, the egg
would then undergo several cell divisions. Placed into a uterus, the
resulting embryo would grow and, with luck, develop until birth.
Although this cloning technique is conceptually and procedurally
simple, its success rate has been extremely low. The birth of one
Dolly, for instance, required the preparation of 277 re-nucleated
eggs, followed by the implantation of 29 resulting best embryos. The
low success rate can be attributed to the difference between the young
DNA of a normally fertilized egg and the genetic material of the
re-nucleated egg, which is mature and of defined destiny – it has
already committed itself to a particular physiological role. In order
for proper fetal development
to occur, mature DNA must be coaxed into reverting to its youthful
state, a complex process that will be difficult to achieve for the
human species.
Beyond the practical difficulties of intentional human cloning,
scientists, politicians, and others have raised serious ethical
concerns about this practice. For example, there is a chance that the
cloning procedure would adversely affect the developing embryo. There
also might be deleterious effects on the long-term health of the
clone. Proponents of human cloning counter that human sexual
reproduction is not a risk-free affair either. Even if human cloning
could be made safe, the motivations behind producing human clones do
not fall clearly on one side of the ethical divide. While proponents
stress potentially
appealing motivations – a man and a woman who are both carriers of a
genetic disease can use cloning to assure that their child will not be
afflicted with the disorder – critics argue that the practice could
and likely would be used for unethical ends, such as to select for
certain traits, such as hair/eye color or sexual orientation, for
example.
1. The primary purpose of the passage is to
a) dismiss a new scientific method as unethical
b) defend a medical procedure against unwarranted attack
c) explain a process and its ramifications
d) describe a hypothesis and its negative consequences
e) analyze the possible outcomes of a new medical approach
2. The author of the passage mentions Dolly most probably in order to
a) suggest that human cloning is feasible
b) show that the ethical concerns against cloning are misguided
c) argue that nonhuman cloning is less efficient than human cloning
d) establish a basis for an argument against human cloning
e) refute a counterargument in favor of human cloning.
3. According to the passage, which of the following is a potential
obstacle to human cloning?
a) Lack of adequately prepared human eggs
b) Predetermination of DNA function within the adult body
c) Shortage of funding for additional research
d) Inability to pinpoint specific biological relationships within an egg
e) Unpredictability of chemical reactions within the uterus
4. The passage suggests which of the following?
a) Human cloning is reachable within ten years.
b) The cloning of nonhuman animals has always been successful.
c) The eggs of nonhuman animals are easier to obtain than human
eggs.
d) DNA taken from an adult human cell contains DNA from both parents.
e) Human DNA is less predictable than nonhuman DNA.
5. Which of the following is NOT given in the passage as a reason not
to pursue human cloning?
a) The unknown effects of cloning on adult human clones.
b) The potential harm to cloned embryos.
c) The chance that cloning will be used to select for only certain
socially advantageous characteristics.
d) The technical difficulty of obtaining suitable DNA.
e) The exorbitant costs associated with the medical procedures used in cloning.
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