21). When limitations were in effect on nuclear-arms testing, people tended to save more of their money, but when nuclear-arms testing increased, people tended to spend more of their money. The perceived threat of nuclear catastrophe, therefore, decreases the willingness of people to postpone consumption for the sake of saving money.
The argument above assumes that
A). the perceived threat of nuclear catastrophe has increased over the
years.
B). most people supported the development of nuclear arms
C). people's perception of the threat of nuclear catastrophe depends on the amount of nuclear-arms testing being done
D). the people who saved the most money when nuclear-arms testing was limited were the ones who supported such limitations
E). there are more consumer goods available when nuclear-arms testing increases
22). Which of the following best completes the passage below?
People buy prestige when they buy a premium product. They want to be associated with something special. Mass-marketing techniques and price-reduction strategies should not be used because____
A). affluent purchasers currently represent a shrinking portion of the population of all purchasers
B). continued sales depend directly on the maintenance of an aura of exclusivity
C). purchasers of premium products are concerned with the quality as well as with the price of the products
D). expansion of the market niche to include a broader spectrum of consumers will increase profits
E). manufacturing a premium brand is not necessarily more costly than manufacturing a standard brand of the same product
23). A cost-effective solution to the problem of airport congestion is to provide high-speed ground transportation between major cities lying 200 to 500 miles apart. The successful implementation of this plan would cost far less than expanding existing airports and would also reduce the number of airplanes clogging both airports and airways.
Which of the following, if true, could be proponents of the plan above most appropriately cite as a piece of evidence for the soundness of their plan?
A). An effective high-speed ground-transportation system would require major repairs to many highways and mass-transit improvements.
B). One-half of all departing flights in the nation's busiest airport head for a destination in a major city 225 miles away.
C). The majority of travelers departing from rural airports are flying to destinations in cities over 600 miles away.
D). Many new airports are being built in areas that are presently served by high-speed ground-transportation
systems.
E). A large proportion of air travelers are vacationers who are taking long-distance flights.
24). If there is an oil-supply disruption resulting in higher international oil prices, domestic oil prices in open-market countries such as the United States will rise as well, whether such countries import all or none of their oil.
If the statement in the passage concerning oil-supply disruptions is true, which of the following policies in an open-market nation is most likely to reduce the long-term economic impact on that nation of sharp and
unexpected increases in international oil prices?
A). Maintaining the quantity of oil imported at constant yearly levels
B). Increasing the number of oil tankers in its fleet
C). Suspending diplomatic relations with major oil-producing nations
D). Decreasing oil consumption through conservation
E). Decreasing domestic production of oil
25). If there is an oil-supply disruption resulting in higher international oil prices, domestic oil prices in open-market countries such as the United States will rise as well, whether such countries import all or none of their oil.
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the statement in the passage?
A). Domestic producers of oil in open-market countries are excluded from the international oil market when there is a disruption in the international oil supply.
B). International oil-supply disruptions have little, if any, effect on the price of domestic oil as long as an open-market country has domestic supplies capable of meeting domestic demand.
C). The oil market in an open-market country is actually part of the international oil market, even if most of that country's domestic oil is usually sold to consumers within its borders.
D). Open-market countries that export little or none of their oil can maintain stable domestic oil prices even when international oil prices rise sharply.
E). If international oil prices rise, domestic distributors of oil in open-market countries will begin to import more oil than they export.
26). The average normal infant born in the United States weighs between twelve and fourteen pounds at the age of three months. Therefore, if a three-month-old child weighs only ten pounds, its weight gain has been below the United States average.
Which of the following indicates a flaw in the reasoning above?
A). Weight is only one measure of normal infant development.
B). Some three-month-old children weigh as much as seventeen pounds.
C). It is possible for a normal child to weigh ten pounds at birth.
D). The phrase "below average" does not necessarily mean insufficient.
E). Average weight gain is not the same as average weight.
27). Red blood cells in which the malarial-fever parasite resides are eliminated from a person's body after 120 days. Because the parasite cannot travel to a new generation of red blood cells, any fever that
develops in a person more than 120 days after that person has moved to a malaria-free region is not due to the malarial parasite.
Which is the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?
A). The fever caused by the malarial parasite may resemble the fever caused by flu viruses.
B). The anopheles mosquito, which is the principal insect carrier of the malarial parasite, has been eradicated in many parts of the world.
C). Many malarial symptoms other than the fever, which can be suppressed with anti-malarial medication, can reappear within 120 days after the medication is discontinued.
D). In some cases, the parasite that causes malarial fever travels to cells of the spleen, which are less frequently eliminated from a person's body than are red blood cells.
E). In any region infested with malaria-carrying mosquitoes, there are individuals who appear to be immune to malaria.
28). Fact 1: Television advertising is becoming less effective: the proportion of brand names promoted on television that viewers of the advertising can recall is slowly decreasing.
Fact 2: Television viewers recall commercials aired first or last in a cluster of consecutive commercials far better than they recall commercials aired somewhere in the middle.
Fact 2 would be most likely to contribute to an explanation of fact 1 if which of the following were also true?
A). The average television viewer currently recalls fewer than half the brand names promoted in commercials he or she saw.
B). The total time allotted to the average cluster of consecutive television commercials is decreasing.
C). The average number of hours per day that people spend watching television is decreasing.
D). The average number of clusters of consecutive commercials per hour of television is increasing.
E). The average number of television commercials in a cluster of consecutive commercials is increasing.
29). The number of people diagnosed as having a certain intestinal disease has dropped significantly in a rural county this year, as compared to last year. Health officials attribute this decrease entirely to improved sanitary conditions at water-treatment plants, which made for cleaner water this year and thus reduced the incidence of the disease.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the health officials' explanation for the lower incidence of the disease?
A). Many new water-treatment plants have been built in the last five years in the rural county.
B). Bottled spring water has not been consumed in significantly different quantities by people diagnosed as having the intestinal disease, as compared to people who did not contract the disease.
C). Because of a new diagnostic technique, many people who until this year would have been diagnosed as having the intestinal disease are now correctly diagnosed as suffering from intestinal ulcers.
D). Because of medical advances this year, far fewer people who contract the intestinal disease will develop severe cases of the disease.
E). The water in the rural county was brought up to the sanitary standards of the water in neighboring counties ten years ago.
30). The price the government pays for standard weapons purchased from military contractors is determined by a pricing method called "historical costing." Historical costing allows contractors to protect their profits by adding a percentage increase, based on the current rate of inflation, to the previous year's contractual price.
Which of the following statements, if true, is the best basis for a criticism of historical costing as an economically sound pricing method for military contracts?
A). The government might continue to pay for past inefficient use of funds.
B). The rate of inflation has varied considerably over the past twenty years.
C). The contractual price will be greatly affected by the cost of materials used for the products.
D). Many taxpayers question the amount of money the government spends on military contracts.
E). The pricing method based on historical costing might not encourage the development of innovative weapons.
The argument above assumes that
A). the perceived threat of nuclear catastrophe has increased over the
years.
B). most people supported the development of nuclear arms
C). people's perception of the threat of nuclear catastrophe depends on the amount of nuclear-arms testing being done
D). the people who saved the most money when nuclear-arms testing was limited were the ones who supported such limitations
E). there are more consumer goods available when nuclear-arms testing increases
22). Which of the following best completes the passage below?
People buy prestige when they buy a premium product. They want to be associated with something special. Mass-marketing techniques and price-reduction strategies should not be used because____
A). affluent purchasers currently represent a shrinking portion of the population of all purchasers
B). continued sales depend directly on the maintenance of an aura of exclusivity
C). purchasers of premium products are concerned with the quality as well as with the price of the products
D). expansion of the market niche to include a broader spectrum of consumers will increase profits
E). manufacturing a premium brand is not necessarily more costly than manufacturing a standard brand of the same product
23). A cost-effective solution to the problem of airport congestion is to provide high-speed ground transportation between major cities lying 200 to 500 miles apart. The successful implementation of this plan would cost far less than expanding existing airports and would also reduce the number of airplanes clogging both airports and airways.
Which of the following, if true, could be proponents of the plan above most appropriately cite as a piece of evidence for the soundness of their plan?
A). An effective high-speed ground-transportation system would require major repairs to many highways and mass-transit improvements.
B). One-half of all departing flights in the nation's busiest airport head for a destination in a major city 225 miles away.
C). The majority of travelers departing from rural airports are flying to destinations in cities over 600 miles away.
D). Many new airports are being built in areas that are presently served by high-speed ground-transportation
systems.
E). A large proportion of air travelers are vacationers who are taking long-distance flights.
24). If there is an oil-supply disruption resulting in higher international oil prices, domestic oil prices in open-market countries such as the United States will rise as well, whether such countries import all or none of their oil.
If the statement in the passage concerning oil-supply disruptions is true, which of the following policies in an open-market nation is most likely to reduce the long-term economic impact on that nation of sharp and
unexpected increases in international oil prices?
A). Maintaining the quantity of oil imported at constant yearly levels
B). Increasing the number of oil tankers in its fleet
C). Suspending diplomatic relations with major oil-producing nations
D). Decreasing oil consumption through conservation
E). Decreasing domestic production of oil
25). If there is an oil-supply disruption resulting in higher international oil prices, domestic oil prices in open-market countries such as the United States will rise as well, whether such countries import all or none of their oil.
Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the statement in the passage?
A). Domestic producers of oil in open-market countries are excluded from the international oil market when there is a disruption in the international oil supply.
B). International oil-supply disruptions have little, if any, effect on the price of domestic oil as long as an open-market country has domestic supplies capable of meeting domestic demand.
C). The oil market in an open-market country is actually part of the international oil market, even if most of that country's domestic oil is usually sold to consumers within its borders.
D). Open-market countries that export little or none of their oil can maintain stable domestic oil prices even when international oil prices rise sharply.
E). If international oil prices rise, domestic distributors of oil in open-market countries will begin to import more oil than they export.
26). The average normal infant born in the United States weighs between twelve and fourteen pounds at the age of three months. Therefore, if a three-month-old child weighs only ten pounds, its weight gain has been below the United States average.
Which of the following indicates a flaw in the reasoning above?
A). Weight is only one measure of normal infant development.
B). Some three-month-old children weigh as much as seventeen pounds.
C). It is possible for a normal child to weigh ten pounds at birth.
D). The phrase "below average" does not necessarily mean insufficient.
E). Average weight gain is not the same as average weight.
27). Red blood cells in which the malarial-fever parasite resides are eliminated from a person's body after 120 days. Because the parasite cannot travel to a new generation of red blood cells, any fever that
develops in a person more than 120 days after that person has moved to a malaria-free region is not due to the malarial parasite.
Which is the following, if true, most seriously weakens the conclusion above?
A). The fever caused by the malarial parasite may resemble the fever caused by flu viruses.
B). The anopheles mosquito, which is the principal insect carrier of the malarial parasite, has been eradicated in many parts of the world.
C). Many malarial symptoms other than the fever, which can be suppressed with anti-malarial medication, can reappear within 120 days after the medication is discontinued.
D). In some cases, the parasite that causes malarial fever travels to cells of the spleen, which are less frequently eliminated from a person's body than are red blood cells.
E). In any region infested with malaria-carrying mosquitoes, there are individuals who appear to be immune to malaria.
28). Fact 1: Television advertising is becoming less effective: the proportion of brand names promoted on television that viewers of the advertising can recall is slowly decreasing.
Fact 2: Television viewers recall commercials aired first or last in a cluster of consecutive commercials far better than they recall commercials aired somewhere in the middle.
Fact 2 would be most likely to contribute to an explanation of fact 1 if which of the following were also true?
A). The average television viewer currently recalls fewer than half the brand names promoted in commercials he or she saw.
B). The total time allotted to the average cluster of consecutive television commercials is decreasing.
C). The average number of hours per day that people spend watching television is decreasing.
D). The average number of clusters of consecutive commercials per hour of television is increasing.
E). The average number of television commercials in a cluster of consecutive commercials is increasing.
29). The number of people diagnosed as having a certain intestinal disease has dropped significantly in a rural county this year, as compared to last year. Health officials attribute this decrease entirely to improved sanitary conditions at water-treatment plants, which made for cleaner water this year and thus reduced the incidence of the disease.
Which of the following, if true, would most seriously weaken the health officials' explanation for the lower incidence of the disease?
A). Many new water-treatment plants have been built in the last five years in the rural county.
B). Bottled spring water has not been consumed in significantly different quantities by people diagnosed as having the intestinal disease, as compared to people who did not contract the disease.
C). Because of a new diagnostic technique, many people who until this year would have been diagnosed as having the intestinal disease are now correctly diagnosed as suffering from intestinal ulcers.
D). Because of medical advances this year, far fewer people who contract the intestinal disease will develop severe cases of the disease.
E). The water in the rural county was brought up to the sanitary standards of the water in neighboring counties ten years ago.
30). The price the government pays for standard weapons purchased from military contractors is determined by a pricing method called "historical costing." Historical costing allows contractors to protect their profits by adding a percentage increase, based on the current rate of inflation, to the previous year's contractual price.
Which of the following statements, if true, is the best basis for a criticism of historical costing as an economically sound pricing method for military contracts?
A). The government might continue to pay for past inefficient use of funds.
B). The rate of inflation has varied considerably over the past twenty years.
C). The contractual price will be greatly affected by the cost of materials used for the products.
D). Many taxpayers question the amount of money the government spends on military contracts.
E). The pricing method based on historical costing might not encourage the development of innovative weapons.
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