1. Many institutions of higher education suffer declining enrollments
during periods of economic slowdown. At two-year community colleges,
however, enrollment figures boom during these periods when many people
have less money and there is more competition for jobs.
Each of the following, if true, helps to explain the enrollment
increases in two-year community colleges described above EXCEPT:
(A) During periods of economic slowdown, two-year community colleges
are more likely than four-year colleges to prepare their students for
the jobs that are still available.
(B) During periods of economic prosperity, graduates of two-year
community colleges often continue their studies at four-year colleges.
(C) Tuition at most two-year community colleges is a fraction of that
at four-year colleges.
(D) Two-year community colleges devote more resources than do other
colleges to attracting those students especially affected by economic
slowdowns.
(E) Students at two-year community colleges, but not those at most
four-year colleges, can control the cost of their studies by choosing
the number of courses they take each term.
Hardin argued that grazing land held in common (that is, open to any
user) would always be used less carefully than private grazing land.
Each rancher would be tempted to overuse common land because the
benefits would accrue to the individual, while the costs of reduced
land quality that results from overuse would be spread among all
users. But a study comparing 217 million acres of common grazing land
with 433 million acres of private grazing land showed that the common
land was in better condition.
2. The answer to which of the following questions would be most useful
in evaluating the significance, in relation to Hardin's claim, of the
study described above?
(A) Did any of the ranchers whose land was studied use both common and
private land?
(B) Did the ranchers whose land was studied tend to prefer using
common land over using private land for grazing?
(C) Was the private land that was studied of comparable quality to the
common land before either was used for grazing?
(D) Were the users of the common land that was studied at least as
prosperous as the users of the private land?
(E) Were there any owners of herds who used only common land, and no
private land, for grazing?
3. Which of the following, if true and known by the ranchers, would
best help explain the results of the study?
(A) With private grazing land, both the costs and the benefits of
overuse fall to the individual user.
(B) The cost in reduced land quality that is attributable to any
individual user is less easily measured with common land than it is
with private land.
(C) An individual who overuses common grazing land might be able to
achieve higher returns than other users can, with the result that he
or she would obtain a competitive advantage.
(D) If one user of common land overuses it even slightly, the other
users are likely to do so even more, with the consequence that the
costs to each user outweigh the benefits.
(E)There are more acres of grazing land held privately than there are
held in common.
4. In tests for pironoma, a serious disease, a false positive result
indicates that people have pironoma when, in fact, they do not; a
false negative result indicates that people do not have pironoma when,
in fact, they do. To detect pironoma most accurately, physicians
should use the laboratory test that has the lowest proportion of false
positive results.
Which of the following, if true, gives the most support to the
recommendation above?
(A) The accepted treatment for pironoma does not have damaging side effects.
(B) The laboratory test that has the lowest proportion of false
positive results causes the same minor side effects as do the other
laboratory tests used to detect pironoma.
(C) In treating pironoma patients, it is essential to begin treatment
as early as possible, since even a week of delay can result in loss of
life.
(D) The proportion of inconclusive test results is equal for all
laboratory tests used to detect pironoma.
(E) All laboratory tests to detect pironoma have the same proportion
of false negative results.
Questions 5-6 are based on the following.
In many corporations, employees are being replaced by automated
equipment in order to save money. However,many workers who lose their
jobs to automation will need government assistance to survive, and the
same corporations that are laying people off will eventually pay for
that assistance through increased taxes and unemployment insurance
payments.
5. The author is arguing that
(A) higher taxes and unemployment insurance payments will discourage
corporations from automating
(B) replacing people through automation to reduce production costs
will result in increases of other costs to corporations.
(C) many workers who lose their jobs to automation will have to be
retrained for new jobs
(D) corporations that are laying people off will eventually rehire many of them
(E) corporations will not save money by automating because people will
be needed to run the new machines
6.Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the author's argument?
(A) Many workers who have already lost their jobs to automation have
been unable to find new jobs.
(B) Many corporations that have failed to automate have seen their
profits decline.
(C) Taxes and unemployment insurance are paid also by corporations
that are not automating.
(D) Most of the new jobs created by automation pay less than the jobs
eliminated by automation did.
(E) The initial investment in machinery for automation is often
greater than the short-term savings in labor costs.
7. The sustained massive use of pesticides in farming has two effects
that are especially pernicious. First, it often kills off the pests'
natural enemies in the area. Second, it often unintentionally gives
rise to insecticide-resistant pests, since those insects that survive
a particular insecticide will be the ones most resistant to it, and
they are the ones left to breed.
From the passage above, it can be properly inferred that the
effectiveness of the sustained massive use of pesticides can be
extended by doing which of the following, assuming that each is a
realistic possibility?
(A) Using only chemically stable insecticides
(B) Periodically switching the type of insecticide used
(C) Gradually increasing the quantities of pesticides used
(D) Leaving a few fields fallow every year
(E) Breeding higher-yielding varieties of crop plants
8. When a polygraph test is judged inconclusive, this is no reflection
on the examinee. Rather, such a judgment means that the test has
failed to show whether the examinee was truthful or untruthful.
Nevertheless, employers will sometimes refuse to hire a job applicant
because of an inconclusive polygraph test result.
Which of the following conclusions can most properly be drawn from the
information above?
(A) Most examinees with inconclusive polygraph test results are in
fact untruthful.
(B) Polygraph tests should not be used by employers in the
consideration of job applicants.
(C) An inconclusive polygraph test result is sometimes unfairly held
against the examinee.
(D) A polygraph test indicating that an examinee is untruthful can
sometimes be mistaken.
(E) Some employers have refused to consider the results of polygraph
tests when evaluating job applicants.
9. According to the new office smoking regulations, only employees who
have enclosed office may smoke at their desks. Virtually all employees
with enclosed offices are at the professional level, and virtually all
secretarial employees lack enclosed offices. Therefore, secretaries
who smoke should be offered enclosed offices.
Which of the following is an assumption that enables the conclusion
above to be properly drawn?
(A) Employees at the professional level who do not smoke should keep
their enclosed offices.
(B) Employees with enclosed offices should not smoke at their desks,
even though the new regulations permit them to do so.
(C) Employees at the secretarial level should be allowed to smoke at
their desks, even if they do not have enclosed offices.
(D) The smoking regulations should allow all employees who smoke an
equal opportunity to do so, regardless of an employee's job level.
(E) The smoking regulations should provide equal protection from any
hazards associated with smoking to all employees who do not smoke.
10. Dental researchers recently discovered that tooth-brushes can
become contaminated wth bacterial that cause pneumonia and strep
throat. They found that contamination usually occurs after
toothbrushes have been used for four weeks. For that reason, people
should replace their toothbrushes at least once a month.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the conclusion above?
(A) The dental researchers could not discover why toothbrush
contamination usually occurred only after toothbrushes had been used
for four weeks.
(B) The dental researchers failed to investigate contamination of
toothbrushes by viruses, yeasts, and other pathogenic microorganisms.
(C) The dental researchers found that among people who used
toothbrushes contaminated with bacterial that cause pneumonia and
strep throat, the incidence of these diseases was no higher than among
people who used uncontaminated toothbrushes.
(D) The dental researchers found that people who rinsed their
toothbrushes thoroughly in hot water after each use were as likely to
have contaminated toothbrushes as were people who only rinsed their
toothbrushes hurriedly in cold water after each use.
(E) The dental researchers found that, after six weeks of use, greater
length of use of a toothbrush did not correlate with a higher number
of bacterial being present.
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