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6 The legacy of colonial rule imparted to the public sphere in independent India has an internally
contradictory character. In terms of conception and constitution the public sphere was democratic
and secular, but it was not so in practice. Several sections such as women and Dalits were excluded,
and by and large it remained a preserve of the educated upper castes. ————————————
—————————————————————————————————————————
Yet, the public engagements within the public sphere indicated a continuous struggle for democratic
ideals and practice.
(1) Moreover, the public sphere took shape within the political, social and economic parameters set by
the colonial government.
(2) Moreover, either created or controlled by the colonial bureaucracy, their democratic rights were
considerably restricted.
(3) Moreover, those excluded were unaware of their democratic rights and hence their participation was
restricted by their lack of knowledge.
(4) Moreover, the ambivalence of the colonial state with its liberal pretensions and authoritarian compulsions
penetrated into the character of the public sphere.
7. The marketing of India as a travel destination through word images and photographs that create a world
of fantasy and yearning has a respectably long lineage. The history of travel writing can be traced back
to the early accounts of those who survived hard treks across the Himalaya or braved the seas to arrive
at the enchanted land of spices. ——————————————-——————————————
——————————————Perhaps one of the most detailed 19th-century accounts is that of
Reginald Heber, Bishop of Calcutta.
(1) The most fascinating accounts not only include the scenery and the people but also details of the
religious lifestyles followed in different parts of the country.
(2) Those in the military, administration, law, the clergy and, of course, itinerant tourists, wrote accounts
of varying quality, and these were often accompanied by illustrations.
(3) The captivated tourists and early travel writers provide rich texts for those interested in the early
lifestyles and systems of the country.
(4) Some of those who survived the hardships during their travels never returned to their countries.
8
Each sentence below has two blanks, each blank indicates that
something has been omitted. Beneath the sentence are four sets of words/ phrases. Choose the set of words/
phrases for each blank that best fits the meaning of the sentence as a whole. The first word should fit the first
blank.
Despite many decades of research on the gasification of coal, the data accumulated is not
directly________to environmental questions; thus a new programme of research which specifically
deals with such questions is ______________.
(1) analogous….promising
(2) antithetical….unremarkable
(3) applicable…warranted
(4) pertinent…unnecessary
(4) pertinent…unnecessary
9
No one is ______about Rahul; he inspires either uncritical adulation or profound _____in those who
work for him.
(1) neutral…antipathy
(2) infuriated…aversion
(3) enthusiastic…veneration
(4) apprehensive…consternation
10 In response to the follies of today's commercial and political worlds, the author does not____inflamed
indignation, but rather_____the detachment and smooth aphoristic prose of an eighteenth-century wit.
(1) display…rails at
(2) rely on … avoids
(3) suppress…clings to
(4) express…affects
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