1 4 All the sentences are grammatically correct.
2 3 B is incorrect,’demands’ should be ‘demand’ in keeping with
the subject verb agreement, C is incorrect; there should be a
comma after the phrase ‘By the end of the year’ .
3 . 4 All the sentences are grammatically correct.
4 3 D is incorrect ; it uses the incorrect preposition ‘on’ instead of
‘in’ before ‘raw tomato’.
5 In option 1, a past participle (begun) is used instead of a past tense (began).
In option 2, a wrong preposition is used. (within).
The sentence can be repaired by replacing the preposition ‘within’ with ‘under’.
In option 3, pronoun (which) is used instead of a pronoun (who).
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.
6 In option 1, the use of a gerund (seeking) makes the sentence a run on sentence.
The sentence can be repaired by replacing the gerund with the present tense (seek).
In option 2, there is an error in subject-verb agreement.
psychologists - seek or psychologist - seeks can repair it.
In option 3, a wrong preposition (in) is used.
The sentence can be repaired by replacing ‘in’ with ‘of’.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.
7 Options 1 and 3 are eliminated as ‘army forces’ and ‘arm forces’ are incorrect
usages.
The three descriptions need to be parallel- surveillance, tracking, and weapons
control are parallel. Surveillance and tracking is parallel. ‘Track systems’ is different
from tracking systems. This eliminates option 4.
Only option 2 is without any errors.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.
8
9
10 A, B and C. A is incorrect, “among Ramkinkar’s works” will be correct. B
should be corrected to “spread across eastern India” ‘spread in’ is an
incorrect idiom. C should read “with their possessions”, since the “members
of the tribe” is explicitly stated.
D is correct.
Hence, the correct answer is option 1.
11 A is correct “Report on Manufactures” is the name of the report, hence in
quotes.
B is incorrect because it should be “country’s” economy.
C is incorrect because “ideas about the hidden hand” would be correct. The
definite article is necessary.
D is correct – industries ... grow would be sufficient. Infant industries ... grow
up.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.
1
2 Of the four sentences only B mentions the World Bank in full, this should help
us identify it as the introductory sentence. If one misses this it becomes
difficult to move on.
The end of A and beginning of C connect logically. Hence AC needs to be in
that order. ACBD would make sense, however the reader would not know
which bank is being discussed.
Hence BDAC is the best option.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.
3 d The ‘It’ in A refers to the forum in E.EA forms a
mandatory pair and this helps rule out option (b). Option
(a) can be ruled out because C does not follow B;
however, B can be used to substantiate C – as done
in option (d). Option (c) can be ruled out for the same
reason as B is cited as an example and it follows C.
Option (d) is the answer as C should start the sequence
as the word ‘Ironically’ cannot otherwise be logically
justified.
4 d The sequence has a CEB link – the author called a
person and expected him to present a particular
opinion. The person presented his own opinion and
this made the author rethink his own philosophy –
there is a logical flow of thought in the sequence
CEBA. And D helps conclude the sequence. It is also
the rethought out opinion of the author and logically
follows A. In statement A “this made me think again”
refers to Dodd’s comment. Hence AD should come
after CEB. Option (d) is the answer.
5 a DA is a mandatory pair as “the once plain walls” of D
can be linked to “these are not art galleries” of A. This
negates options (c) and (d). CB is another mandatory
pair as “restaurants in the city” in C can be linked to
the specific example of “Tangerine restaurant” in B.
This negates option (b).
1 2 B is the odd sentence. DCA in that order tells us how pirated books are
different from conventional stealing – the publisher and the author are ‘worse
off’. ‘And in any case’ and ‘a long way from standard stealing’ are
unsustainable anywhere in the paragraph.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.
2 d ‘cab’ is a mandatory sequence with ‘c’ mentioning the
Most-Favoured-Nation rule and ‘ab’ stating the
exceptions to the.” This same principle of reciprocity”
has no reference in the text. Hence correct answer is
(d).
1 The central idea is ‘censorship is subtle and operates out of awareness,
enclosing us in a cocoon giving us a false belief of freedom – the paragraph
is logically brought to a closure when it says ‘we are simply not aware of the
missing aspects’.
Option 4 makes us look at things as ‘censored’, hence, will not gel with the
“out of awareness’ aspect.
Option 1 does not address the ‘out of awareness’ aspect, nor does option 3.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.
2 “ justified true belief” ( knowledge) – the three conditions to it are true, belief
and justified. Truth and Belief are already mentioned in the sentence before
the blank. The left out element of “justified” will complete the paragraph.
Hence, the correct answer is option 1.
3 a The theme of the paragraph revolves around ‘bad
writing’. The author aims to define 'bad writing'. Nothing
in the text suggests that the author aims to compare
good writing with bad writing. Options (b) and (d) talk
about ‘good writing’ which is a shift from the theme
and hence can be eliminated. Option (a) explains the
‘self-serving’ goals mentions in the last sentence of
the paragraph and hence seems the best fit. Option
(c) brings about a contrast in the idea as presented in
the passage and hence can be eliminated.
4 b The paragraph is about policy failures – specifically
the policing policy and the higher education policy. The
paragraph also has a negative tone. Option (c) can be
ruled out as it has a tone of relief – a positive tone.
Options (a) and (d) can be ruled out as they are only
specific to the policing policy. Option (b) is the answer
as it refers to both the policing and higher education
policies. It also follows from the penultimate line in the
paragraph that states that both failures could have
been mitigated – option (b) logically completes the
paragraph by stating that instead they were allowed
to fester.
5 a The paragraph starts with a specific incidence of
plagiarism and then moves to a general discussion on
the topic. Hence the next line of the passage should
also be general. Options (b) and (c) can be eliminated
as they are referring to the specific incident. Option
(d) can be eliminated as the ‘so’ here refers to
‘plagiarism’ and not to flattery. Hence it cannot be the
continuation to the idea given at the end of the passage.
Option (a) is clearly correct as it continues with the
contrast presented in the last line of the paragraph.
1 b According to the author, representation is a sign of
limitations of an artist who is too feeble to create forms
that provoke more than a little aesthetic emotion. Refer
to the first paragraph of the passage
“....representation is a sign of weakness in an artist...”
The author says that representation is not wrong or
baneful but reveals a weakness of the artist. This
weakness or limitation is the flaw. Hence flawed artist
is correct. Option (a) is incorrect as the author uses
representation in art as a point of criticism for the
artist and hence this cannot lead to ‘A great artist’.
‘Plagiarism’ means passing off someone else’s work
as your own. The author does not talk about plagiarism
but about representation and creation of realistic forms
that more often than not are not so significant in great
works of art. Hence option (c) is incorrect. Option (d)
is too strongly worded. The author does not deny the
claim of being called an artist for a person who uses
representation but merely criticizes the undue
importance attached to representation in works of art.
2 b The author states that when people sometimes know
that they are in company of something great but are
unable to appreciate this greatness. They then try to
look for those meanings and emotions in this piece of
art that they are capable of feeling. They may try too
hard but that is a consequence, not the cause, of not
being able to appreciate art. Hence option (a) is
incorrect. In the second paragraph the author talks of
those people who cannot feel emotion in the presence
of pure form. In the third, the author mentions “A good
work of visual art carries a person who is capable of
appreciating it out of life into ecstasy”. Clearly the
author believes some people can understand and
appreciate art and aesthetics whereas others can’t.
This makes option (b) correct. Option (c) and (d) are
incorrect because the author talks neither about
experts nor about the common man.
3 a Refer to lines in the last paragraph, where the author
says “you will notice that people who cannot feel
pure aesthetic emotions remember pictures by their
subjects; whereas people who can, as often as not,
have no idea what the subject of a picture is.” This
makes option (a) correct. According to the passage,
the person who notices and remembers the subject
of art is likely to be like ‘a deaf man at the concert’
because both are unable to appreciate art. Option (c)
is contrary to this idea and is incorrect.
RC 2 1 b The author states that the most striking feature of this
discussion was the power ascribed to science.
Science and Darwin’s theory of evolution had revealed
a world that looked meaningless and in order to satisfy
the human need of ‘meaning in life’, the researchers
were now trying to use science to confirm the
existence of life after death. The author says that
science became a channel for belief in magic (life
after death) and this is how science was used against
science. This means that science was used to
propagate the believe in life after death. Hence correct
option is (b).The passage states that researchers
turned to science in order to find an exit from the
world that science had revealed (not created).Hence
option (a) is incorrect.
2 b The author says that the psychical researchers
confused evolution with progress when they argued
about the logic of having life after death. Many of the
psychical researchers believed they were doing no
more than show that evolution continues in a postmortem
world. Like many others, then and now, they
confused two wholly different things. Progress
assumes some goal or direction. But Darwinism or
evolution does not give humans exemption from
mortality. The idea of evolution denied the researchers
and people in general the idea of life after death .This,
they thought, signifies waste that cannot lead to
progress. Hence for them, it was important to prove
that mind continues even after the person dies.
3 c Throughout the passage the author has argued how
scientists attempted to find ways in which they could
demonstrate that human lives had a purpose and
meaning that continued after death. Option (c) comes
closest to capturing the essence of the passage. The
passage fails to comment on the power or the limitations
of science. This makes options (b) and (d) incorrect.
Although the author talks about mortality in the passage,
the passage is not focused on mortality as the topic of
discussion but on the attempts of psychical
researchers to deny it (using science).This makes
option (a) incorrect.
RC 3 1 c In the passage the author talks about the “cognitive
revolution of the past thirty years”, about the studies
in the working of the human brain and how brain
science helps to “fill the hole left by the atrophy of
theology and philosophy’. Option (c) is the only one
that can cover all these aspects. All the other options
are too specific. The author talks about the process of
decision making but he does this in light of the cognitive
revolution. The author also argues that the process of
decision making does not change but this is only one
of the many points that the author makes and is not the
central theme or the primary purpose as it is narrow in
scope (w.r.t passage).
2 d In the first part of the passage the author says we
don’t understand the qualities needed for the highest
achievements and then he talks about how
understanding the working of the brain or brain science
helps us get “a better grasp of emotions, intuitions,
biases, longings, predispositions, character traits, and
social bonding.” Hence (d).Option (c) and (a) are
incorrect. The author states that our society does not
give importance to matters that ought to be most
significant for fulfillment .The passage is silent on the
merit of matters that are given importance. So, it is not
possible to comment if these are unimportant or merely
less important than some other aspects of our lives.
3 c The author discusses the decision regarding whom to
love only as an example and he/she wishes to prove
that it is no different than any other type of decision.
Option (a) is incorrect as the author has argued that
all decision making is essentially the same.
1 4 Statement A is a fact as it can be verified whether the health
minister believes the contents of Statement A. B is again a
fact which can be verified. C is a conclusion about the
unknown-the samples of the sixth patient, on the basis of the
known- the other patients. D is a fact as it can be verified
whether Chaturvedi actually made this statement.
2 3 Statement A cannot qualify as an inference as the basis of the
statement – the liking of the Indian fans – seems rhetorical and
opinionated. Hence A is a judgement. B is a fact as it can be
verified whether Tom Hanks said this. C makes a prediction
about Tom’s mood based on a known fact. Also it is a prediction/
conclusion within limits. Hence C qualifies as an inference. D
is a quoted statement and hence qualifies as a fact.
3 1 Statements A and B are individual opinions expressing
approval/disapproval and hence are judgements. C is also an
opinion as the words “mysterious topicality” are subjective
and vague.D is a fact as it reports what the viewers see,
which can be verified.
4 1 Statement 1 is verifiable. Statement 2 is a judgment – an
individual opinion as there may exist other definitions of the
mind. Statement 3 is an individual opinion as the mind is
intangible and opinions about it vary. Statement 4 is an inference
– a conclusion on ‘the reason for comparison’ based on the
fact that comparison is present in the scriptures.
OA
1 3 3 The scenario in the first blank leads to the second part of the
sentence. Also, the link word in the second part is “despite”
which indicates opposition. So the first blank would be filled
by the word that weakens the value of the huge research.
Choices (1) and (2) can be eliminated on the basis of the first
word itself. Both ‘applicable’ and ‘pertinent’ fit in. Now, as for
the second blank-the effect of a scenario where a purported
solution has been found to be inadequate is to lead to a second
solution. Using ‘unnecessary’ in the second blank is
inappropriate, whereas ‘warranted’ presents that second
solution thereby establishing the cause-effect relationship.
2 1 1 The sentence is talking about a person. The sentence also
highlights a contrast by using “either...or”. This means the
first sentence would use a word that indicates ‘everyone has
opinions about Rahul’. Options (1) and (4) provide the first
words that might fit in. The second blank would be the deciding
factor. Since the first word displays a positive emotion, the
second blank would give it a contrast in the form of a negative
emotion. ‘Consternation’, which means a state of paralyzing
dismay, would not fit in here. ‘Antipathy’, which clearly conveys
a negative emotion, would be the best fit.
3 4 4 This sentence has a contrast where the expected reaction of
“inflamed indignation” does not take place, but the author
shows “detachment...”. Both choices (1) and (2) can be ruled
out on the basis of the second word/ phrase which are
negative. ‘ Rails at’ means to express objections or criticism in
better, harsh or abusive language. Option (3) is eliminated
because it shows the author as expressing indignation and
the second blank shows him as adhering to a divergent view
as well.
4 2 Whatever is happening in the blanks is first, contrary to the ‘clash of civilization’
claim, second it happens so, because we are products of different cultures.
Though interaction and encounters are right, the second part ‘everyday’ will not show
the contrast to the ‘clash’. This eliminates option 1.
Option 3 is eliminated because violently will not be contrary to ‘clash of civilization’
idea.
Option 4 is eliminated because it should mingling of and not between.
Hence, the correct answer is option 2.
5 3 Although signals a contrast. Few and sudden can be eliminated in comparison to
short. This eliminates options 1 and 2.
Next to their prey is unreasonable. This eliminates option 4.
Short bursts and close to their prey make the best sense.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.
6
7
8 a a The sentence explains the process of the formation
of a desert and in the first blank the words provided
by options (c) and (d) are not correct as per the context.
Hence these options can be eliminated. Option (b) can
be eliminated as the word ‘notion’ is incorrect in the
second blank. Option (a) is correct as it refers the
sudden changes (vagaries) in the weather and
‘combination’ as a word fits the second blank. Option
b: Caprice means ‘sudden change’. Option c: olio means
‘a medley’. Option d : Omination means ‘presaging’.
9 a a The sentence draws a contrast between the two
blanks and the word ‘new’ indicates that the
opportunities referred to are also ‘new’. Hence for the
first blank, Options (a) and (c) seem suitable. Option
(c) can be eliminated as ‘conventional’ means
conforming or adhering to accepted standards and as
the risks are new so there are no set standards for
them. Hence option (a).Option b: Preternatural means
‘abnormal’. Option d: idiosyncratic means ‘characteristic
of a person’, sententious means ‘self – righteous’.
10 a 54. a The first blank needs a negative word hence (Option
(b)) ‘calamitous’ which refers to ‘disastrous’, (Option
(a)) ‘dire’ which means ‘dreadful’ and (Option (d))
‘ominous’ which refers to ‘portending evil/ harm’ can
all fit the first blank. Option (c) can easily be eliminated
as ‘cornucopian’ means fruitful. Option (b) is can be
eliminated as grammatically ‘offset’ is not apt for the
second blank. Option (d) is also incorrect as ‘invalidated’
which means ‘deprived of legal force’ does not match
the sentence contextually. Option (a) is correct as
both words match the context.
1 2 Shruti concludes that Neha would not be an effective teacher
as she’s too lenient to fail students and too critical to reward
any student with high marks. In making her argument, Shruti
assumes that in order to be an effective teacher, one must be
able to do one of the two things. This leads us to option (2).
Option (1) is a distorted version of Shruti’s assumption. Shruti,
nowhere assumes that effective teachers have only two
options. Option (3) fails to address the key issue. Option (4)
again is a distorted statement; it stresses on the fact that a
teacher must be effective in order to fail or reward the students
whereas the argument is concerned with what teachers must
be able to do in order to be effective.
2 3 The argument states a relationship during winters a rise in
the brandy sales (in the hilly regions of Uttrakhand) occurswhenever
X then Y. The argument assumes that neither factor
in the relationship can occur separately from the other( since
Y, therefore X). The logical structure of the argument in (3) is
very similar. Because a CAT teacher must necessarily have
the ability to think logically, it follows, according to the argument,
that Vijay must necessarily be a CAT teacher. In other words,
whenever X (CAT teacher), then Y (logical thinker); since Y
(logical thinker), therefore X (CAT teacher). Option (1) highlights
a different relationship- “ whenever X; then Y; since not Y,
therefore not X). Option (2) highlights the following relationship-
‘whenever X possibly Y; since X, therefore Y). Option (4)
highlights a totally different reasoning- “whenever X, then Y;
but Z will also cause Y).
3 1 From the argument, it is clear that the disagreement is about
switching over to a less expensive brand of leather. Option
(1) clearly states the disagreement. Option (2) is addressed
by Shreya, but not by Atul, whose argument deals only with
cost. Option (3) is not addressed directly by any of the
persons. Option (4)Atul certainly assumes that other brands
cost less, but Shreya in no way disputes this or even directly
mentions it. Both seem to agree that other brands would cost
less
4 The main points are : Nihilism and Existentialism have Nietzsche as the central
figure- hence they are often confused. The existence of existential nihilism which
contains elements of both nihilism and existentialism but is a third distinct philosophy
adds to the confusion.
Option 4 captures this essence.
Options 1 and 2 talk erroneously about “Nihilism and existential nihilism” leaving out
existentialism.
“They are often confused because of the Central philosopher Nietzsche” in option 3
changes the meaning, making it a highly awkward and ambiguous construction.
Hence, the correct answer is option 4
5 To weaken the argument the option must prove that the deaths were indeed due to
undernourishment and not through childhood illnesses. Option 3 attributes the reason
of common illnesses to malnutrition, hence establishes that malnutrition caused the
deaths.
Options 1 and 2 do not contradict that they did not die of common illnesses.
Option 4 does not address the argument.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.
6 The troposphere is at a height of 7 to 20 km above sea level. Temperature is highest
at 7 km and lower at 20 km (at the top of the troposphere). “However, the
temperature gets warmer as you go upward from the troposphere to the next layer
stratosphere”. Therefore, the temperature at any point in the stratosphere has to be
atleast as great as the temperature at the top of the troposphere. This validates
option 1.
Option 2 contradicts the passage.
Option 3 is beyond the purview of the passage.
Option 4 contradicts the passage. Ozone molecules absorb energy from ultraviolet
light and turn that energy into heat- the reason why the stratosphere is warm. If ozone
depletion occurs, less ultraviolet energy would be converted into heat and this would
make the stratosphere relatively cooler.
Hence, the correct answer is option 1.
7 The main points of the paragraph are: Post Traumatic Stress Disorder is the
persistence of debilitating psychological symptoms. Though it was experienced
from time immemorial it got recognised as an illness only in 1980. Option 3
captures this essence well.
An abbreviation in a précis without explaining it is incorrect. Hence among other
reasons options 1 and 2 can be eliminated.
Option 4 somehow attributes the recognition directly to the Vietnam War- this is not
the intent of the paragraph.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.
1 Saccharin is a noun which fits in the context. Saccharine is an adjective meaning
‘sugary, metaphorically over polite, sentimental’.
Invoke means to ‘to appeal to an agent or authority’- evoke means to ‘call up a
response, a feeling’ etc. Evoked fits in the context.
Exiguous means ‘inadequate, scanty’ and suits the context. Exigent means ‘urgent’.
Equable means ‘uniform, even-tempered’- generally used with temperament and
climate. Equitable means ‘just, fair’- this meaning does not fit in the context.
Hence, the correct answer is option 3.
1 4 In sentence 1 due is used to mean: expected to give birth.
In sentence 2 due is used as a noun to mean: something that rightfully
belongs to one, e.g., give him his due.
In sentence 3 due is used as an adverb to mean: exactly or directly.
However in sentence 4, though the intended meaning of due is capable of
being attributed or ascribable, it is an incorrect use.
The sentence should be rephrased as "His absence was due to illness" (His
absence was ascribable to illness)
Hence, the correct answer is option 4.
2 1 Sentence 1 is inappropriate. Arrest or check may fit in its place better (end
the disease is right, but not end the progress).
Sentence 2 is correct – end is used as an adjective to mean final or ultimate.
Sentence 3 uses end as a noun to mean tip (extreme or last part lengthwise).
Sentence 4 is correct end is used as a verb meaning to come to an end.
Hence, the correct answer is option 1.
3 c ‘Job of work’ means a work that you are paid to do or
that must be done. ‘just the job’ means exactly what is
needed in a particular situation. The correct expression
in (c) should be ‘a long job” which means a particular
task or piece of work that you have to do. Job can
also be used as in statement (d) to describe a crime,
especially stealing.
4 d ‘show’ is used to depict an occasion when a collection
of things are brought together for people to look at.
Show is also used to make it clear that you have a
particular quality. Show can be used in ‘goes to show’
to say that something proves something. The correct
usage in (d) should be “showed me down” which
means to make somebody feel embarrassed by
behaving badly.
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