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Question 5 | | | Four alternative summaries are given below the text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text. There is no doubt that anonymity leads people to act out in ways they normally wouldn't. For many, this means increased anti-social behaviour and, in comments sections, an uncharacteristic tendency to insult and attack. Diane Mapes wrote a good column on this two years ago, in which she noted that faceless communication leads to disinhibition, whether its online, in a car or on the phone with a customer-service representative. "Between out-of-control customers, vituperative online posters and road-raging drivers, it's hard to find an individual who hasn't succumbed to the siren song of faceless, consequence-free communication," she wrote. Psychologists even have a name for the online phenomenon: "online disinhibition effect".
(a) The roots of the online disinhibition effect lie in the anti-social behaviour of people. (b) Anonymity encourages people to display their natural instincts of anti-social behaviour. (c) When communication is anonymous people frequently display anti-social behaviour. (d) Online disinhibition effect leads to out-of-control customers, vituperative online posters and roadraging drivers. | | |
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Question 6 | | | Four sentences are given below, labelled A, B, C and D. They need to be arranged in a logical order to form a coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options, choose the most appropriate option. A. It is against this background and in this context that we must begin our understanding of political theory. B. Students of anthropology and of animal behavior are making it increasingly clear that in man, most of the other primates, and in many other animal species as well, social life and organization are primary biological survival devices. C. What we call political and social organization— the customs, practices, and procedures that with varying degrees of firmness hold men together in interrelated groups— is perhaps the most important form of human adaptation to environment, both external and internal. D. Man has no leathery armor like a turtle or spines like a porcupine, but he does have social life and the capacity to organize it effectively for survival purposes.
(a) BCAD (b) CBDA (c) BCDA (d) DCBA. | | |
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Question 9 | | | The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question. Today's campaigners against action on climate change are in many cases backed by the same lobbies, individuals, and organisations that sided with the tobacco industry to discredit the science linking smoking and lung cancer. Later, they fought the scientific evidence that sulphur oxides from coal-fired power plants were causing "acid rain." Then, when it was discovered that certain chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were causing the depletion of ozone in the atmosphere, the same groups launched a nasty campaign to discredit that science, too.
Later still, the group defended the tobacco giants against charges that second-hand smoke causes cancer and other diseases. And then, starting mainly in the 1980s, this same group took on the battle against climate change. What is amazing is that, although these attacks on science have been wrong for 30 years, they still sow doubts about established facts. The truth is that there is big money backing the climate-change deniers, whether it is companies that don't want to pay the extra costs of regulation, or free-market ideologues opposed to any government controls. The latest round of attacks involves two episodes. The first was the hacking of a climate-change research centre in England. The emails that were stolen suggested a lack of forthrightness in the presentation of some climate data. Whatever the details of this specific case, the studies in question represent a tiny fraction of the overwhelming scientific evidence that points to the reality and urgency of man-made climate change. The second issue was a blatant error concerning glaciers that appeared in a major IPCC report. Here it should be understood that the IPCC issues thousands of pages of text. There are, no doubt, errors in those pages. But errors in the midst of a vast and complex report by the IPCC point to the inevitability of human shortcomings, not to any fundamental flaws in climate science. When the emails and the IPCC error were brought to light, editorial writers at The Wall Street Journal launched a vicious campaign describing climate science as a hoax and a conspiracy. They claimed that scientists were fabricating evidence in order to obtain government research grants — a ludicrous accusation, I thought at the time, given that the scientists under attack have devoted their lives to finding the truth, and have certainly not become rich relative to their peers in finance and business. But then I recalled that this line of attack — charging a scientific conspiracy to drum up "business" for science — was almost identical to that used by The Wall Street Journal and others in the past, when they fought controls on tobacco, acid rain, ozone depletion, second-hand smoke, and other dangerous pollutants. In other words, their arguments were systematic and contrived, not at all original to the circumstances. We are witnessing a predictable process by ideologues and right-wing think tanks and publications to discredit the scientific process. Their arguments have been repeatedly disproved for 30 years — time after time — but their aggressive methods of public propaganda succeed in causing delay and confusion.
9 Which of the following best reflects the author's primary intent in the passage? (a) To show that the same group of people has consistently tried to confuse the public and discredit the scientists whose insights are helping to save the world from environmental harm. (b) To show that the same group of people has consistently tried to confuse the public by drawing support from people with big money and people in big publications. (c) To show that the effort by the same group of people to confuse the public and discredit the scientists is not unjustified and deserves some attention. (d) To show that the process adopted by the same group of people to confuse the public and discredit the scientists whose insights are helping to save the world from environmental harm, has become predictable and needs an overhaul. | | |
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Question 10 | | | The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question. Today's campaigners against action on climate change are in many cases backed by the same lobbies, individuals, and organisations that sided with the tobacco industry to discredit the science linking smoking and lung cancer. Later, they fought the scientific evidence that sulphur oxides from coal-fired power plants were causing "acid rain." Then, when it was discovered that certain chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were causing the depletion of ozone in the atmosphere, the same groups launched a nasty campaign to discredit that science, too.
Later still, the group defended the tobacco giants against charges that second-hand smoke causes cancer and other diseases. And then, starting mainly in the 1980s, this same group took on the battle against climate change. What is amazing is that, although these attacks on science have been wrong for 30 years, they still sow doubts about established facts. The truth is that there is big money backing the climate-change deniers, whether it is companies that don't want to pay the extra costs of regulation, or free-market ideologues opposed to any government controls. The latest round of attacks involves two episodes. The first was the hacking of a climate-change research centre in England. The emails that were stolen suggested a lack of forthrightness in the presentation of some climate data. Whatever the details of this specific case, the studies in question represent a tiny fraction of the overwhelming scientific evidence that points to the reality and urgency of man-made climate change. The second issue was a blatant error concerning glaciers that appeared in a major IPCC report. Here it should be understood that the IPCC issues thousands of pages of text. There are, no doubt, errors in those pages. But errors in the midst of a vast and complex report by the IPCC point to the inevitability of human shortcomings, not to any fundamental flaws in climate science. When the emails and the IPCC error were brought to light, editorial writers at The Wall Street Journal launched a vicious campaign describing climate science as a hoax and a conspiracy. They claimed that scientists were fabricating evidence in order to obtain government research grants — a ludicrous accusation, I thought at the time, given that the scientists under attack have devoted their lives to finding the truth, and have certainly not become rich relative to their peers in finance and business. But then I recalled that this line of attack — charging a scientific conspiracy to drum up "business" for science — was almost identical to that used by The Wall Street Journal and others in the past, when they fought controls on tobacco, acid rain, ozone depletion, second-hand smoke, and other dangerous pollutants. In other words, their arguments were systematic and contrived, not at all original to the circumstances. We are witnessing a predictable process by ideologues and right-wing think tanks and publications to discredit the scientific process. Their arguments have been repeatedly disproved for 30 years — time after time — but their aggressive methods of public propaganda succeed in causing delay and confusion.
10 Which of the following is not among the criticisms leveled by the author at the group that opposes action on climate change? (a) They are supported by groups or lobbies that have vested interests. (b) Their arguments on various issues tend to be similar. (c) Their methods are successful in causing confusion. (d) None of the above. | | |
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Question 11 | | | The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question. Today's campaigners against action on climate change are in many cases backed by the same lobbies, individuals, and organisations that sided with the tobacco industry to discredit the science linking smoking and lung cancer. Later, they fought the scientific evidence that sulphur oxides from coal-fired power plants were causing "acid rain." Then, when it was discovered that certain chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were causing the depletion of ozone in the atmosphere, the same groups launched a nasty campaign to discredit that science, too.
Later still, the group defended the tobacco giants against charges that second-hand smoke causes cancer and other diseases. And then, starting mainly in the 1980s, this same group took on the battle against climate change. What is amazing is that, although these attacks on science have been wrong for 30 years, they still sow doubts about established facts. The truth is that there is big money backing the climate-change deniers, whether it is companies that don't want to pay the extra costs of regulation, or free-market ideologues opposed to any government controls. The latest round of attacks involves two episodes. The first was the hacking of a climate-change research centre in England. The emails that were stolen suggested a lack of forthrightness in the presentation of some climate data. Whatever the details of this specific case, the studies in question represent a tiny fraction of the overwhelming scientific evidence that points to the reality and urgency of man-made climate change. The second issue was a blatant error concerning glaciers that appeared in a major IPCC report. Here it should be understood that the IPCC issues thousands of pages of text. There are, no doubt, errors in those pages. But errors in the midst of a vast and complex report by the IPCC point to the inevitability of human shortcomings, not to any fundamental flaws in climate science. When the emails and the IPCC error were brought to light, editorial writers at The Wall Street Journal launched a vicious campaign describing climate science as a hoax and a conspiracy. They claimed that scientists were fabricating evidence in order to obtain government research grants — a ludicrous accusation, I thought at the time, given that the scientists under attack have devoted their lives to finding the truth, and have certainly not become rich relative to their peers in finance and business. But then I recalled that this line of attack — charging a scientific conspiracy to drum up "business" for science — was almost identical to that used by The Wall Street Journal and others in the past, when they fought controls on tobacco, acid rain, ozone depletion, second-hand smoke, and other dangerous pollutants. In other words, their arguments were systematic and contrived, not at all original to the circumstances. We are witnessing a predictable process by ideologues and right-wing think tanks and publications to discredit the scientific process. Their arguments have been repeatedly disproved for 30 years — time after time — but their aggressive methods of public propaganda succeed in causing delay and confusion.
11 The tone of the passage is: (a) Factual (b) Descriptive (c) Critical (d) Opinionated | | |
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Question 12 | | | The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question. Today's campaigners against action on climate change are in many cases backed by the same lobbies, individuals, and organisations that sided with the tobacco industry to discredit the science linking smoking and lung cancer. Later, they fought the scientific evidence that sulphur oxides from coal-fired power plants were causing "acid rain." Then, when it was discovered that certain chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were causing the depletion of ozone in the atmosphere, the same groups launched a nasty campaign to discredit that science, too.
Later still, the group defended the tobacco giants against charges that second-hand smoke causes cancer and other diseases. And then, starting mainly in the 1980s, this same group took on the battle against climate change. What is amazing is that, although these attacks on science have been wrong for 30 years, they still sow doubts about established facts. The truth is that there is big money backing the climate-change deniers, whether it is companies that don't want to pay the extra costs of regulation, or free-market ideologues opposed to any government controls. The latest round of attacks involves two episodes. The first was the hacking of a climate-change research centre in England. The emails that were stolen suggested a lack of forthrightness in the presentation of some climate data. Whatever the details of this specific case, the studies in question represent a tiny fraction of the overwhelming scientific evidence that points to the reality and urgency of man-made climate change. The second issue was a blatant error concerning glaciers that appeared in a major IPCC report. Here it should be understood that the IPCC issues thousands of pages of text. There are, no doubt, errors in those pages. But errors in the midst of a vast and complex report by the IPCC point to the inevitability of human shortcomings, not to any fundamental flaws in climate science. When the emails and the IPCC error were brought to light, editorial writers at The Wall Street Journal launched a vicious campaign describing climate science as a hoax and a conspiracy. They claimed that scientists were fabricating evidence in order to obtain government research grants — a ludicrous accusation, I thought at the time, given that the scientists under attack have devoted their lives to finding the truth, and have certainly not become rich relative to their peers in finance and business. But then I recalled that this line of attack — charging a scientific conspiracy to drum up "business" for science — was almost identical to that used by The Wall Street Journal and others in the past, when they fought controls on tobacco, acid rain, ozone depletion, second-hand smoke, and other dangerous pollutants. In other words, their arguments were systematic and contrived, not at all original to the circumstances. We are witnessing a predictable process by ideologues and right-wing think tanks and publications to discredit the scientific process. Their arguments have been repeatedly disproved for 30 years — time after time — but their aggressive methods of public propaganda succeed in causing delay and confusion.
12. What is common in the author's defence of both the IPCC report and the case of the stolen emails? (a) The author blames human error in both cases. (b) The author accepts the errors and shortcomings of climate science. (c) The author rejects the criticism as unwarranted and vicious in both cases. (d) The author says that these are a small part of a larger effort and the criticism does not reflect on the subject as a whole | | |
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Question 13 | | | Answer the following questions on the basis of information given below: Five actresses Careena, Catrina, Carishma, Coena and Cashmira are disguised as U, V, X, Y and Z, not necessarily in this order. Director Bhakti Kapoor interviewed the actresses in the order Z, Y, X, U and V for his film "Bhoot Aunty". Additional Information:
• Catrina was interviewed after Cashmira.
• Careena was interviewed before Carishma.
• The fee (in Rs.) demanded by X, U, V were 2397 lakhs, 2379 lakhs and 1213 lakhs respectively
. • One of the remaining two actress demanded Rs. 1123 lakhs and the other demanded a sum (in Rs.) between 1201 lakhs and 2288 lakhs
. • The sum of the fees demanded by Careena and Carishma is the same as the sum of the fees demanded by Cashmira and Catrina.
13 Who is disguised as Y? (a) Coena or Cashmira (b) Coena or Careena (c) Coena or Cashmira or Careena (d) Coena or Cashmira or Catrina | | |
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Question 14 | | | Answer the following questions on the basis of information given below: Five actresses Careena, Catrina, Carishma, Coena and Cashmira are disguised as U, V, X, Y and Z, not necessarily in this order. Director Bhakti Kapoor interviewed the actresses in the order Z, Y, X, U and V for his film "Bhoot Aunty". Additional Information:
• Catrina was interviewed after Cashmira.
• Careena was interviewed before Carishma.
• The fee (in Rs.) demanded by X, U, V were 2397 lakhs, 2379 lakhs and 1213 lakhs respectively
. • One of the remaining two actress demanded Rs. 1123 lakhs and the other demanded a sum (in Rs.) between 1201 lakhs and 2288 lakhs
. • The sum of the fees demanded by Careena and Carishma is the same as the sum of the fees demanded by Cashmira and Catrina.
What is the fee (in Rs.) demanded by Coena? (a) 2397 or 1213 lakhs (b) 1213 lakhs (c) 1213 or 2379 lakhs (d) 1123 lakhs | | |
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Question 15 | | | Answer the following questions on the basis of information given below: Five actresses Careena, Catrina, Carishma, Coena and Cashmira are disguised as U, V, X, Y and Z, not necessarily in this order. Director Bhakti Kapoor interviewed the actresses in the order Z, Y, X, U and V for his film "Bhoot Aunty". Additional Information:
• Catrina was interviewed after Cashmira.
• Careena was interviewed before Carishma.
• The fee (in Rs.) demanded by X, U, V were 2397 lakhs, 2379 lakhs and 1213 lakhs respectively
. • One of the remaining two actress demanded Rs. 1123 lakhs and the other demanded a sum (in Rs.) between 1201 lakhs and 2288 lakhs
. • The sum of the fees demanded by Careena and Carishma is the same as the sum of the fees demanded by Cashmira and Catrina.
Who was interviewed last ? (a) Coena or Catrina (b) Coena or Carishma (c) Carishma or Catrina (d) None of these | | |
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