Directions for questions 74 to 79: Fill up the blanks, numbered [74],
[75] …… up to [79], in the passage below with most appropriate word
from the options given for each blank.
"Between the year 1946 and the year 1955, I did not file any income
tax returns." With that [74] statement, Ramesh embarked on an account
of his encounter with the income tax department. " I originally owed
Rs. 20,000 in unpaid taxes. With [75] and [76], the 20,000 became
60,000. The Income tax Department then went into action, and I learned
first hand just how much power the Tax Department wields. Royalties
and trust funds can be [77]; automobiles may be [78], and auctioned
off. Nothing belongs to the [79] until the case is settled."
74. (1) devious (2) blunt (3) tactful (4) pretentious
75. (1) interest (2) taxes (3) principal (4) returns
76. (1) sanctions (2) refunds (3) fees (4) fines
77. (1) closed (2) detached (3) attached (4) impounded
78. (1) smashed (2) seized (3) dismantled (4) frozen
79. (1) purchaser (2) victim (3) investor (4) offender
Directions for questions 80 to 83: Fill up the blanks, numbered [80],
[83] …… up to [83], in the passage below with most appropriate word
from the options given for each blank.
At that time the white house was as serene as a resort hotel out of
season. The corridors were [80]. In the various offices, [81] gray men
in waistcoats talked to one another in low-pitched voices. The only
color, or choler, curiously enough, was provided by President
Eisenhower himself. Apparently, his [82] was easily set off; he
scowled when he [83] the corridors.
80. (1) striking (2) hollow (3) empty (4) white
81. (1) quiet (2) faded (3) loud (4) stentorian
82. (1) laughter (2) curiously (3) humour (4) temper
83. (1) paced (2) strolled (3) stormed (4) prowled
Directions for questions 84 to 86: Identify the incorrect sentence or sentences.
84. A. It was a tough situation and Manasi was taking pains to make it better.
B. Slowly her efforts gave fruit and things started improving.
C. Everyone complemented her for her good work.
D. She was very happy and thanked everyone
(1) A (2) D (3) B and C (4) A and C
85. A. Harish told Raj to plead guilty.
B. Raj pleaded guilty of stealing money from the shop.
C. The court found Raj guilty of all the crimes he was charged with.
D. He was sentenced for three years in jail
(1) A and C (2) B and D (3) A, C, and D (4) B, C, and D
86. A. Last Sunday, Archana had nothing to do.
B. After waking up, she lay on the bed thinking of what to do.
C. At 11 o' clock she took shower and got ready.
D. She spent most of the day shopping
(1) B and C (2) C (3) A and B (4) B, C, and D
Directions for questions 87 to 89: Each statement has a part missing.
Choose the best option from the four options given below the statement
to make up the missing part.
87. Many people suggest ___ and still other would like to convince
people not to buy pirated cassettes.
(1) to bring down audiocassette prices to reduce the incidence of
music piracy, others advocate strong legal action against the
offenders,
(2) bringing down audiocassette prices to reduce the incidents of
music piracy, others are advocating strong legal action against
offenders,
(3) bringing down audiocassette prices to reduce the incidents of
music piracy, others advocate strong legal action against offenders,
(4) audiocassette prices to be brought down to reduce incidents of
music piracy, others advocate that strong legal action must be taken
against offenders,
88. The ancient Egyptians believed ___ so that when these objects were
magically reanimated through the correct rituals, they would be able
to function effectively.
(1) that it was essential that things they portrayed must have every
relevant feature shown as clearly as possible
(2) it was essential for things they portray to have had every
relevant feature shown as clearly as possible,
(3) it was essential that the things they portrayed had every relevant
feature shown as clearly as possible.
(4) that when they portrayed things, it should have every relevant
feature shown as clearly as possible
89. Archaeologists believe that the pieces of red – ware pottery
excavated recently near Bhavnagar and ___ shed light on a hitherto
dark 600-year period in the Harappan history of Gujarat.
(1) estimated with a reasonable certainty as being about 3400 years old,
(2) are estimated reasonably certain to be about 3400 years old,
(3) estimated at about 3400 years old with reasonable certainty,
(4) estimated with reasonable certainty to be about 3400 years old,
Directions for questions 90 to 92: In each question, the word at the
top of the table is used in four different ways, numbered 1 to 4.
Choose the options in which the usage of the word is INCORRECT or
INAPPROPRIATE.
90. BOLT
(1) The shopkeeper showed us a bolt of fine silk.
(2) As he could not move, he made a bolt for the gate.
(3) Could you please bolt the door?
(4) The thief was arrested before he could bolt from the scene of the crime.
91. FALLOUT
(1) Nagasaki suffered from the fallout of nuclear radiation.
(2) People believed that the political fallout of the scandal would be
insigficant.
(3) Who can predict the environmental fallout of the WTO agreements?
(4) The headmaster could not understand the fallout of several of his
good students at the public examination.
92. PASSING
(1) She did not have passing marks in mathematics.
(2) The mad woman was cursing everybody passing her on the road.
(3) At the birthday party all the children enjoyed a game of passing the parcel.
(4) A passing taxi was stopped to rush the accident victims to the hospital.
Directions for questions 93 to 95: The sentences given in each
question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each
sentence is labeled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of
sentence from among the given choices to construct a coherent
paragraph.
93. A. The two neighbours never fought each other.
B. Fights involving three male fiddler crabs have been recorded, but
the status of the participants was unknown
C. They pushed or grappled only with the intruder.
D. We recorded 17 cases in which a resident that was fighting an
intruder was joined by an immediate neighbour, an ally.
E. We therefore tracked 268 intruder males until we saw them fighting
a resident male.
(1) BEDAC (2) DEBAC (3) BDCAE (4) BCEDA
94. A. In the west, Allied Forces had fought their way through
southern Italy as far as Rome.
B. In June 1944 Germany's military position in World War too appeared hopeless
C. In Britain, the task of amassing the men and materials for the
liberation of northern Europe had been completed.
D. Red Army was poised to drive the Nazis back through Poland.
E. The situation on the eastern front was catastrophic.
(1) EDACB (2) BEDAC (3) BDECA (4) CEDAB
95. A. He felt justified in bypassing Congress altogether on a variety of moves.
B. At times he was fighting the entire Congress.
C. Bush felt he had a mission to restore power to the presidency.
D. Bush was not fighting just the democrats.
E. Representatives democracy is a messy business, and a CEO of the
white House does not like a legislature of second guessers and time
wasters.
(1) CAEDB (2) DBAEC (3) CEADB (4) ECDBA
Directions for questions 96 and 97: Four alternative summaries are
given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the
essence of the text.
96. The human race is spread all over world, from the polar regions to
the tropics. The people of whom it is made up eat different kinds of
food, partly according to the climate in which they live, and partly
according to the kind of food which their country produces. In hot
climates; meat and fat are not much needed; but in the Arctic regions
they seem to be very necessary for keeping up the heat of the body.
Thus, in India, people live chiefly on different kinds of grains,
eggs, milk, or sometimes fish and meat. In Europe people eat more meat
and less grain. In the Arctic regions, where no grains and fruits are
produced, the Eskimo and others races live almost entirely on meat and
fish.
(1) Food eaten by people in different regions of the world depends on
the climate and produce of the region, and varies from meat and fish
in the Arctic to predominantly grains in the tropics.
(2) Hot climates require people to eat grains while cold regions
require people to eat meat and fish.
(3) In hot countries people eat mainly grains while in the Arctic,
they eat meat and fish because they cannot grow grains.
(4) While people in Arctic regions like meat and fish and those in hot
regions like India prefer mainly grains, they have to change what they
eat depending on the local climate and the local produce.
97. You seemed at first to take no notice of your school-fellows, or
rather to set yourself against them because they were strangers to
you. They knew as little of you as you did of them; this would have
been the reason for their keeping aloof from you as well, which you
would have felt as a hardship. Learn never to conceive a prejudice
against others because you know nothing of them. It is bad reasoning,
and makes enemies of half the world. Do not think ill of them till
they behave ill to you; and then strive to avoid the faults, which you
see in them. This will disarm their hostility sooner than pique or
resentment or complaint.
(1) The discomfort you felt with your school fellows was because both
sides knew little of each other. You should not complain unless you
find others prejudiced against you and have attempted to carefully
analyze the faults you have observed in them.
(2) The discomfort you felt with your school fellows was because both
sides knew little of each other. Avoid prejudice and negative thoughts
till you encounter bad behaviour from others, and then win them over
by shunning the faults you have observed.
(3) You encountered hardship amongst your school fellows because you
did not know then well. You should learn not to make enemies because
of your prejudices irrespective of their behaviour towards you.
(4) You encountered hardship amongst your school fellows because you
did not know them well. You should learn to not make enemies because
of your prejudices unless they behave badly with you.
Directions for questions 98 to 102: Each of the five passages given
below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to
each question.
The painter is now free to paint anything he chooses. They are
scarcely any forbidden subjects, and today everybody is prepared to
admit that a painting of some fruit can be as important as a painting
of a hero dying. The Impressionists did as much as anybody to win this
previously unheard-of freedom for the artist. Yet, by the next
generation, painters began to abandon the subject altogether, and
began to paint abstract pictures. Today the majority of pictures
painted are abstract.
Is there a connection between these two developments? Has art gone
abstract because the artist is embarrassed by his freedom? Is it that,
because he is free to paint anything, he doesn't know what to paint?
Apologists for abstract art often talk of it as the art of maximum
freedom. But could this be the freedom of the desert island? It would
take to long to answer these questions properly. I believe there is a
connection. Many things have encouraged the development of abstract
art. Among them has been the artists' wish to avoid the difficulties
of finding subjects when all subjects are equally possible.
I raise the matter now because I want to draw attention to the fact
that the painter's choice of a subject is a far more complicated
question than it would at first seem. A subject does not start with
what is put in front of the easel or with something which the painter
happens to remember. A subject starts with the painter deciding he
would like to paint such-and-such because for some reason or other he
finds it meaningful. A subject begins when the artist selects
something for special mention. (What makes it special or meaningful
may seem to the artist to be purely visual – its colours or its form.)
When the subject has been selected, the function of the painting
itself is to communicate and justify the significance of that
selection.
It is often said today that subject matter is unimportant. But this is
only a reaction against the excessively literary and moralistic
interpretation of subject matter in the nineteenth century. In truth
the subject is literary the beginning and end of a painting. The
painting begins with a selection (I will paint this and not everything
else in the world); it is finished when that selection is justified
(now you can see all that I saw and felt in this and how it is more
than merely itself).
Thus, for a painting to succeed it is essential that the painter and
his public agree about what is significant. The subject may have a
personal meaning for the painter or individual spectator; but there
must also be the possibility of their agreement on its general
meaning. It is at this point that the culture of the society and
period in question precedes the artist and his art. Renaissance art
would have meant nothing to the Aztecs –and vice versa. If, to some
extent, a few intellectuals can appreciate them both today it is
because their culture is an historical one; its inspiration is history
and therefore it can include within itself, in principle if not in
every particular, all known developments to date.
When a culture is secure and certain of its values, it presents it
presents its artists with subjects. The general agreement about what
is significant is so well established that the significance of a
particular subject accrues and becomes traditional. This is true, for
instance, of reeds and water in China, of the nude body in
Renaissance, of the animal in Africa. Furthermore, in such cultures
the artist is unlikely to be a free agent: he will be employed for the
sake of particulars subjects, and the problem, as we have just
described it, will not occur to him.
When a culture is in a state of disintegration or transition the
freedom of the artist increases – but the question of subject matter
becomes problematic for him: he, himself, has to choose for society.
This was at the basis of all the increasing, crises in European art
during the nineteenth century. It is too often forgotten how many of
the art scandals of that time were provoked by the choice of subject
(Gericault, Courbet, Daumier, Degas, Lautrec, Van Gogh, etc.).
By the end of the nineteenth century there were, roughly speaking, two
ways in which the painter could meet this challenge of deciding what
to paint and so choosing for society. Either he identified himself
with the people and so allowed their lives to dictate his subjects to
him; or he had to find his subjects within himself as painter. By
people I mean everybody except the bourgeoisie. Many painters did of
course work of the bourgeoisie according to their copy-book of
approved subjects, but all of them, filling the Salon and the Royal
Academy year after year, are now forgotten, buried under the hypocrisy
of those they served so sincerely.
98. When a culture is insecure, the painter chooses his subject on the basis of:
(1) The prevalent style in the society of his time.
(2) Its meaningfulness to the painter.
(3) What is put in front of the easel.
(4) Past experience and memory of the painter
99. In the sentence, "I believe there is a connection" (second
paragraph), what two developments is the author referring to?
(1) Painters using a dying hero and using a fruit as a subject of painting.
(2) Growing success of painters and an increase in abstract forms.
(3) Artists gaining freedom to choose subjects and abandoning subjects
altogether.
(4) Rise of Impressionists and an increase in abstract forms.
100. Which of the following is NOT necessarily among the attributes
needed for a painter to succeed:
(1) The painter and his public agree on what is significant.
(2) The painting is able to communicate and justify the significance
of its subject selection.
(3) The subject has a personal meaning for the painter.
(4) The painting of subjects is inspired by historical developments.
101. In the context of the passage, which of the following statements
would NOT be true?
(1) Painters decided subjects based on what they remembered from their
own lives.
(2) Painters of reeds and water in China faced no serious problem of
choosing a subject.
(3) The choice of subject was a source of scandals in nineteenth
century European art.
(4) Agreement on the general meaning of a painting is influenced by
culture and historical context.
102. Which of the following views is taken by the author?
(1) The more insecure a culture, the greater the freedom of the artist.
(2) The more secure a culture, the greater the freedom of the artist.
(3) The more secure a culture, more difficult the choice of subject.
(4) The more insecure a culture, the less significant the choice of the subject.
Directions for questions 103 to 106: Each of the five passages given
below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to
each question.
Recently I spent several hours sitting under a tree in my garden with
the social anthropologist William Ury, a Harvard University professor
who specializes in the art of negotiation and wrote the bestselling
book,Getting to Yes. He captivated me with his theory that tribalism
protects people from their fear of rapid change. He explained that the
pillars of tribalism that humans rely on for security would always
counter any significant cultural or social change. In this way, he
said, change is never allowed to happen too fast. Technology, for
example, is a pillar of society. Ury believes that every time
technology moves in a new or radical direction, another pillar such as
religion or nationalism will grow stronger - in effect, the
traditional and familiar will assume greater importance to compensate
for the new and untested. In this manner, human tribes avoid rapid
change that leaves people insecure and frightened.
But we have all heard that nothing is as permanent as change. Nothing
is guaranteed. Pithy expressions, to be sure, but no more than
cliches. As Ury says, people don't live that way from day-to-day. On
the contrary, they actively seek certainty and stability. They want to
know they will be safe.
Even so, we scare ourselves constantly with the idea of change. An IBM
CEO once said: 'We only restructure for a good reason, and if we
haven't re-structured in a while, that's a good reason.' We are scared
that competitors, technology and the consumer will put us out of
business so we have to change all the time just to stay alive. But if
we asked our fathers and grandfathers, would they have said that they
lived in a period of little change? Structure may not have changed
much. It may just be the speed with which we do things.
Change is over-rated, anyway. Consider the automobile. It's an
especially valuable example, because the auto industry has spent tens
of billions or dollars on research and product development in the last
100 years. Henry Ford's first car had a metal chassis with an internal
combustion, gasoline-powered engine, four wheels with rubber tyres, a
foot operated clutch assembly and brake system, a steering wheel, and
four seats, and it could safely do 18 miles per hour. A hundred years
and tens of thousands of research hours later, we drive cars with a
metal chassis with an internal combustion, gasoline-powered engine,
four wheels with rubber tyres, a foot operated clutch assembly and
brake system, a steering wheel, four seats - and the average speed in
London in 2001 was 17.5 miles per hour!
That's not a hell of a lot of return for the money. Ford evidently
doesn't have much to teach us about change. The fact that they're
still manufacturing cars is not proof that Ford Motor Co. is a sound
organization, just proof that it takes very large companies to make
cars in great quantities - making for an almost impregnable entry
barrier.
Fifty years after the development of the jet engine, planes are also
little changed. They've grown bigger, wider and can carry more people.
But those are incremental, largely cosmetic changes.
Taken together, this lack of real change has come to mean that in
travel - whether driving or flying — time and technology have not
combined to make things much better. The safety and design have of
course accompanied the times and the new volume of cars and flights,
but nothing of any significance has changed in the basic assumptions
of the final product.
At the same time, moving around in cars or aeroplanes becomes less and
less efficient all the time. Not only has there been no great change,
but also both forms or transport have deteriorated as more people
clamour to use them. The same is true for telephones, which took over
hundred years to become mobile, or photographic film, which also
required an entire century to change.
The only explanation for this is anthropological. Once established in
calcified organizations, humans do two things: sabotage changes that
might render people dispensable, and ensure industry-wide emulation.
In the 1960s, German auto companies developed plans to scrap the
entire combustion engine for an electrical design. (The same existed
in the 1970s in Japan, and in the I980s in France.). So for 40 years
we might have been free of the wasteful and ludicrous dependence on
fossil fuels. Why didn't it go anywhere? Because auto executives
understood pistons and carburettors, and would loath to cannibalize
their expertise, along with most of their factories.
103. According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?
(1) Executives of automobile companies are inefficient and ludicrous.
(2) The speed at which an automobile is driven in a city has not
changed much in a century.
(3) Anthropological factors have fostered innovation in automobiles by
promoting use of new technologies.
(4) Further innovation in jet engines has been more than incremental.
104. Which of the following views does the author fully support in the passage?
(1) Nothing is as permanent as change.
(2) Change is always rapid.
(3) More money spent on innovation leads to more rapid change.
(4) Over decades, structural change has been incremental.
105. Which of the following best describes one of the main ideas
discussed in the passage?
(1) Rapid change is usually welcomed in society.
(2) Industry is not as innovative as it is made out to be.
(3) We should have less change than what we have now.
(4) Competition spurs companies into radical innovation.
106. According to the passage, the reason why we continues to be
dependent on fossil fuels is that:
(1) Auto executives did not wish to change.
(2) No alternative fuels were discovered.
(3) Change in technology was not easily possible
(4) German, Japanese and French companies could not come up with new
technologies.
Directions for questions 107 to 110: Each of the five passages given
below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to
each question.
The viability of the multinational corporate system depends upon the
degree to which people will tolerate the unevenness it creates. It is
well to remember that the 'New Imperialism' which began after 1870 in
a spirit of Capitalism Triumphant, soon became seriously troubled and
after 1914 was characterized by war, depression, breakdown of the
international economic system and war again, rather than free Trade,
Pax Britannica and Material Improvement. A major reason was Britain's
inability to cope with the by-products of its own rapid accumulation
of capital; i.e., a class-conscious labour force at home; a middle
class in the hinterland; and rival centres of capital on the Continent
and in America. Britain's policy tended to be atavistic and defensive
rather than progressive-more concerned with warding off new threats
than creating new areas of expansion. Ironically, Edwardian England
revived the paraphernalia of the landed aristocracy it had just
destroyed. Instead of embarking on a 'big push' to develop the vast
hinterland of the Empire, colonial administrators often adopted
policies to arrest the development of either a native capitalist class
or a native proletariat which could overthrow them.
As time went on, the centre had to devote an increasing share of
government activity to military and other unproductive expenditures;
they had to rely on alliances with an inefficient class of landlords,
officials and soldiers in the hinterland to maintain stability at the
cost of development. A great part of the surplus extracted from the
population was thus wasted locally.
The New Mercantilism (as the Multinational Corporate System of special
alliances and privileges, aid and tariff concessions is sometimes
called) faces similar problems of internal and external division. The
centre is troubled: excluded groups revolt and even some of the
affluent are dissatisfied with the roles. Nationalistic rivalry
between major capitalist countries remains an important divisive
factor, Finally, there is the threat presented by the middle classes
and the excluded groups of the underdeveloped countries. The national
middle classes in the underdeveloped countries came to power when the
centre weakened but could not, through their policy of import
substitution manufacturing, establish a viable basis for sustained
growth. They now face a foreign exchange crisis and an unemployment
(or population) crisis-the first indicating their inability to
function in the international economy and the second indicating their
alienation from the people they are supposed to lead. In the immediate
future, these national middle classes will gain a new lease of life as
they take advantage of the spaces created by the rivalry between
American and non- American oligopolists striving to establish global
market positions.
The native capitalists will again become the champions of national
independence as they bargain with multinational corporations. But the
conflict at this level is more apparent than real, for in the end the
fervent nationalism of the middle class asks only for promotion within
the corporate structure and not for a break with that structure. In
the last analysis their power derives from the metropolis and they
cannot easily afford to challenge the international system. They do
not command the loyalty of their own population and cannot really
compete with the large, powerful, aggregate capitals from the centre.
They are prisoners of the taste patterns and consumption standards set
at the centre.
The main threat comes from the excluded groups. It is not unusual in
underdeveloped countries for the top 5 per cent to obtain between 30
and 40 per cent of the total national income, and for the top
one-third to obtain anywhere from 60 to 70 per cent. At most,
one-third of the population can be said to benefit in some
sense from the dualistic growth that characterizes development in the
hinterland. The remaining two-thirds, who together get only one-third
of the income, are outsiders, not because they do not contribute to
the economy, but because they do not share in the benefits. They
provide a source of cheap labour which helps keep exports to the
developed world at a low price and which has financed the urban-biased
growth of recent years. In fact, it is difficult to see how the system
in most underdeveloped countries could survive without cheap labour
since removing it (e.g. diverting it to public works projects as is
done in socialist countries) would raise consumption costs to
capitalists and professional elites.
107. According to the author, the British policy during the 'New
Imperialism' period tended to be defensive because
(1) it was unable to deal with the fallouts of a sharp increase in capital.
(2) its cumulative capital had undesirable side-effects.
(3) its policies favoured developing the vast hinterland.
(4) it prevented the growth of a set-up which could have been
capitalistic in nature.
108. Under New Mercantilism, the fervent nationalism of the native
middle classes does not create conflict with the multinational
corporations because they (the middle classes)
(1) negotiate with the multinational corporations.
(2) are dependent on the international system for their continued prosperity.
(3) are not in a position to challenge the status quo.
(4) do not enjoy popular support.
109. In the sentence, "They are prisoners of the taste patterns and
consumption standards set at the center." (fourth paragraph), what is
the meaning of 'center'?
(1) National government
(2) Native capitalists.
(3) New capitalists.
(4) None of the above.
110. The author is in a position to draw parallels between New
Imperialism and New Mercantilism because
(1) both originated in the developed Western capitalist countries.
(2) New Mercantilism was a logical sequel to New Imperialism
(3) they create the same set of outputs – a labour force, middle
classes and rival centers of capital.
(4) both have comparable uneven and divisive effects.
Directions for questions 111 to 114: Each of the five passages given
below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to
each question.
Fifty feet away three male lions lay by the road. They didn't appear
to have a hair on their heads. Noting the color of their noses
(leonine noses darken as they age, from pink to black), Craig
estimated that they were six years old-young adults. "This is
wonderful!" he said, after staring at them for several moments. "This
is what we came to see. They really are maneless." Craig, a professor
at the University of Minnesota, is arguably the leading expert on the
majestic Serengeti lion, whose head is mantled in long, thick hair. He
and Peyton West, a doctoral student who has been working with him in
Tanzania, had never seen the Tsavo lions that live some 200 miles east
of the Serengeti. The scientists had partly suspected that the
maneless males were adolescents mistaken for adults by amateur
observers. Now they knew better.
The Tsavo research expedition was mostly Peyton's show. She had spent
several years in Tanzania, compiling the data she needed to answer a
question that ought to have been answered long ago: Why do lions have
manes? It's the only cat, wild or domestic, that displays such
ornamentation. In Tsavo she was attacking the riddle from the opposite
angle. Why do its lions not have manes? (Some "maneless" lions in
Tsavo East do have partial manes, but they rarely attain the regal
glory of the Serengeti lions'.) Does environmental adaptation account
for the trait? Are the lions of Tsavo, as some people believe, a
distinct subspecies of their Serengeti cousins?
The Serengeti lions have been under continuous observation for more
than 35 years, beginning with George Schaller's pioneering work in the
I960s. But the lions in Tsavo, Kenya's oldest and largest protected
ecosystem, have hardly been studied. Consequently, legends have grown
up around them. Not only do they look different, according to the
myths, they behave differently, displaying greater cunning and
aggressiveness. "Remember too," Kenya: The Rough Guide warns, "Tsavo's
lions have a reputation of ferocity." Their fearsome image became
well-known in 1898, when two males stalled construction of what is now
Kenya Railways by allegedly killing and eating 135 Indian and African
laborers. A British Army officer in charge of building a railroad
bridge over the Tsavo River, Lt. Col. J. H. Patterson, spent nine
months pursuing the pair before he brought them to bay and killed
them. Stuffed and mounted, they now glare at visitors to the Field
Museum in Chicago. Patterson's account of the leonine reign of terror,
The Man-Eaters of Tsavo, was an international best-seller when
published in 1907. Still in print, the book has made Tsavo's lions
notorious. That annoys some scientists. "People don't want to give up
on mythology," Dennis King told me one day. The zoologist has been
working in Tsavo off and on for four years. "I am so sick of this
man-eater business. Patterson made a helluva lot of money off that
story, but Tsavo's lions are no more likely to turn man-eater than
lions from elsewhere."
But tales of their savagery and wiliness don't all come from
sensationalist authors looking to make a buck. Tsavo lions are
generally larger than lions elsewhere, enabling them to take down the
predominant prey animal in Tsavo, the Cape buffalo, one of the
strongest, most aggressive animals of Earth. The buffalo don't give up
easily: They often kill or severely injure an attacking lion, and a
wounded lion might be more likely to turn to cattle and humans for
food.
And other prey is less abundant in Tsavo than in other traditional
lion haunts. A hungry lion is more likely to attack humans. Safari
guides and Kenya Wildlife Service rangers tell of lions attacking Land
Rovers, raiding camps, stalking tourists. Tsavo is a tough
neighborhood, they say, and it breeds tougher lions.
But are they really tougher? And if so, is there any connection
between their manelessness and their ferocity? An intriguing
hypothesis was advanced two years ago by Gnoske and Peterhans: Tsavo
lions may be similar to the unmaned cave lions of the Pleistocene. The
Serengeti variety is among the most evolved of the species-the latest
model, so to speak-while certain morphological differences in Tsavo
lions (bigger bodies, smaller skulls, and maybe even lack of a mane)
suggest that they are closer to the primitive ancestor of all lions.
Craig and Peyton had serious doubts about this idea, but admitted that
Tsavo lions pose a mystery to science.
111. The book Man-Eaters of Tsavo annoys some scientists because
(1) it revealed that Tsavo lions are ferocious.
(2) Patterson made a helluva lot of money from the book by sensationalism.
(3) it perpetuated the bad name Tsavo lions had.
(4) it narrated how two male Tsavo lions were killed.
112. The sentence which concludes the first paragraph, "Now they knew
better", implies that:
(1) The two scientists were struck by wonder on seeing maneless lions
for the first time.
(2) Though Craig was an expert on the Serengeti lion, now he also knew
about the Tsavo lions.
(3) Earlier, Craig and West thought that amateur observers had been mistaken.
(4) Craig was now able to confirm that darkening of the noses as lions
aged applied to Tsavo lions as well.
113. According to the passage, which of the following has NOT
contributed to the popular image of Tsavo lions as savage creatures?
(1) Tsavo lions have been observed to bring down one of the strongest
and most aggressive animals — the Cape buffalo.
(2) In contrast to the situation in traditional lion haunts, scarcity
of non-buffalo prey in the Tsavo makes the Tsavo lions more
aggressive.
(3) The Tsavo lion is considered to be less evolved than the Serengeti variety.
(4) Tsavo lions have been observed to attack vehicles as well as humans.
114. Which of the following, if true, would weaken the hypothesis
advanced by Gnoske and Peterhans most?
(1) Craig and Peyton develop even more serious doubts about the idea
that Tsavo lions are primitive.
(2) The maneless Tsavo East lions are shown to be closer to the cave lions.
(3) Pleistocene cave lions are shown to be far less violent than believed.
(4) The morphological variations in body and skull size between the
cave and Tsavo lions are found to be insignificant.
Directions for questions 111 to 114: Each of the five passages given
below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to
each question.
Throughout human history the leading causes of death have been
infection and trauma. Modem medicine has scored significant victories
against both, and the major causes of ill health and death are now the
chronic degenerative diseases, such as coronary artery disease,
arthritis, osteoporosis, Alzheimer's, macular degeneration, cataract
and cancer. These have a long latency period before symptoms appear
and a diagnosis is made. It follows that the majority of apparently
healthy people are pre-ill.
But are these conditions inevitably degenerative? A truly preventive
medicine that focused on the pre-ill, analysing the metabolic errors
which lead to clinical illness, might be able to correct them before
the first symptom. Genetic risk factors are known for all the chronic
degenerative diseases, and are important to the individuals who
possess them. At the population level, however, migration studies
confirm that these illnesses are linked for the most part to lifestyle
factors—exercise, smoking and nutrition. Nutrition is the
easiest of these to change, and the most versatile tool for affecting
the metabolic changes needed to tilt the balance away from disease.
Many national surveys reveal that malnutrition is common in developed
countries. This is not the calorie and/or micronutrient deficiency
associated with developing nations (Type A malnutrition); but multiple
micronutrient depletion, usually combined with calorific balance or
excess (Type B malnutrition). The incidence and severity of Type B
malnutrition will be shown to be worse if newer micronutrient groups
such as the essential fatty acids, xanthophylls and flavonoids are
included in the surveys. Commonly ingested levels of these
micronutrients seem to be far too low in many developed countries.
There is now considerable evidence that Type B malnutrition is a major
cause of chronic degenerative diseases. If this is the case, then it
is logical to treat such diseases not with drugs but with multiple
micronutrient repletion, or 'pharmaco-nutrition'. This can take the
form of pills and capsules-'nutraceuticals', or food formats known as
'functional foods'. This approach has been neglected hitherto because
it is relatively unprofitable for drug companies-the products are hard
to patent-and it is a strategy which does not sit easily with modem
medical interventionism. Over the last 100 years, the drug industry
has invested huge sums in developing a range of subtle and powerful
drugs to treat the many diseases we are subject to. Medical training
is couched in pharmaceutical terms and this approach has provided us
with an exceptional range of therapeutic tools in the treatment of
disease and in acute medical emergencies. However, the pharmaceutical
model has also created an unhealthy dependency culture, in which
relatively few of us accept responsibility for maintaining our own
health. Instead, we have handed over this responsibility to health
professionals who know very little about health maintenance, or
disease prevention.
One problem for supporters of this argument is lack of the right kind
of hard evidence. We have a wealth of epidemiological data linking
dietary factors to health profiles / disease risks, and a great deal
of information on mechanism: how food factors interact with our
biochemistry. But almost all intervention studies with micronutrients,
with the notable exception of the omega 3 fatty acids, have so far
produced conflicting or negative results. In other words, our science
appears to have no predictive value. Does this invalidate the science?
Or are we simply asking the wrong questions?
Based on pharmaceutical thinking, most intervention studies have
attempted to measure the impact of a single micronutrient on the
incidence of disease. The classical approach says that if you give a
compound formula to test subjects and obtain positive results, you
cannot know which ingredient is exerting the benefit, so you must test
each ingredient individually. But in the field of nutrition, this does
not work. Each intervention on its own will hardly make enough
difference to be measured. The best therapeutic response must
therefore combine micronutrients to normalise our internal physiology.
So do we need to analyse each individual's nutritional status and then
tailor a formula specifically for him or her? While we do not have the
resources to analyse millions of individual cases, there is no need to
do so. The vast majority of people are consuming suboptimal amounts of
most micronutrients, and most of the micronutrients concerned are very
safe. Accordingly, a comprehensive and universal program of
micronutrient support is probably the most cost-effective and safest
way of improving
115. The author recommends micronutrient-repletion for large-scale
treatment of chronic degenerative diseases because
(1) it is relatively easy to manage.
(2) micronutrient deficiency is the cause of these diseases.
(3) it can overcome genetic risk factors.
(4) it can compensate for other lifestyle factors.
116. Tailoring micronutrient-based treatment plans to suit individual
deficiency profiles is not necessary because
(1) it very likely to give inconsistent or negative results.
(2) it is a classic pharmaceutical approach not suited to micronutrients.
(3) most people are consuming suboptimal amounts of safe-to consume
micronutrients.
(4) it is not cost effective to do so.
117. Type-B malnutrition is a serious concern in developed countries because
(1) developing countries mainly suffer from Type-A malnutrition.
(2) it is a major contributor to illness and death.
(3) pharmaceutical companies are not producing drugs to treat this condition.
(4) national surveys on malnutrition do not include newer micronutrient groups.
118. Why are a large number of apparently healthy people deemed pre-ill?
(1) They may have chronic degenerative diseases.
(2) They do not know their own genetic risk factors which predispose
them to diseases.
(3) They suffer from Type-B malnutrition.
(4) There is a lengthy latency period associated with chronically
degenerative diseases.
Directions for Questions 119 and 120: The sentences given in each
question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each
sentence is labeled with a letter. Choose the most logical order of
sentences from among the given choices to construct a coherent paragraph.
119. A. But this does not mean that death was the Egyptians' only preoccupation.
B. Even papyri come mainly from pyramid temples.
C. Most of our traditional sources of information about the Old
Kingdom are monuments of the rich like pyramids and tombs.
D. Houses in which ordinary Egyptian lived have not been preserved,
and when most people died they were buried in simple graves.
E. We know infinitely more about the wealthy people of Egypt than we
do about the ordinary people, as most monuments were made for the
rich.
(1) CDBEA (2) ECDAB (3) EDCBA (4) DECAB
120. A. Experts such as Larry Burns, head of research at GM, reckon
that only such a full hearted leap will allow the world to cope with
the mass motorization that will one day come to China or India.
B. But once hydrogen is being produced from biomass or extracted from
underground coal or made
from water, using nuclear or renewable electricity, the way will be
open for a huge reduction in carbon emissions from the whole system.
C. In theory, once all the bugs have been sorted out, fuel cells
should deliver better total fuel economy than any existing engines.
D. That is twice as good as the internal combustion engine, but only
five percentage points better than a diesel hybrid.
E. Allowing for the resources needed to extract hydrogen from
hydrocarbon, oil coal or gas, the fuel cell has an efficiency of 30%.
(1) CEDBA (2) CEBDA (3) AEDBC (4) ACEBD
Directions for Questions 121 to 123: Four alternative summaries are
given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the
essence of the text.
121. Local communities have often come in conflict with agents trying
to exploit resources, at a faster pace, for an expanding
commercial-industrial economy. More often than not, such agents of
resourceintensification are given preferential treatment by the state,
through the grant of generous long leases over mineral or fish stocks,
for example, or the provision of raw material at an enormously
subsidized price. With the injustice so compounded, local communities
at the receiving end of this process have no recourse expect direct
action, resisting both the state and outside exploiters through a
variety of protest techniques. These struggles might perhaps be seen
as a manifestation of a new kind of class conflict.
(1) A new kind of class conflict arises from preferential treatments
given to agents of resourceintensification by the state, which the
local community sees as unfair.
(2) The grant of long leases to agents of resource-intensification for
an expanding commercialindustrial economy leads to direct protests
from the local community, which sees it as unfair.
(3) Preferential treatment given by the state to agents of
resource-intensification for an expanding commercial-industrial
economy exacerbates injustice to local communities and leads to direct
protests from them, resulting in a new type of class conflict.
(4) Local communities have no option but to protest against agents of
resource-intensification and create a new type of class conflict when
they are given raw material at subsidized prices for an expanding
commercial-industrial economy.
122. Although almost all climate scientists agree that the Earth is
gradually warming, they have long been of two minds about the process
of rapid climate shifts within larger periods of change. Some have
speculated that the process works like a giant oven or freezer,
warming or cooling the whole planet at the same time. Others think
that shifts occur on opposing schedules in the Northern and Southern
Hemisphere, like exaggerated seasons. Recent research in Germany
examining climate patterns in the Southern Hemisphere at the end of
the last Ice Age strengthens the idea that warming and cooling occurs
at alternate times in the two hemispheres. A more definitive answer to
this debate will allow scientists to better predict when and how
quickly the next climate shift will happen.
(1) Scientists have been unsure whether rapid shifts in the Earth's
climate happen all at once or on opposing schedules in different
hemispheres; research will help find a definitive answer and better
predict climate shifts in future.
(2) Scientists have been unsure whether rapid shifts in the Earth's
climate happen all at once or on opposing schedules in different
hemispheres; finding a definitive answer will help them better predict
climate shifts in future.
(3) Research in Germany will help scientists find a definitive answer
about warming and cooling of the Earth and predict climate shifts in
the future in a better manner.
(4) More research rather than debates on warming or cooling of the
Earth and exaggerated seasons in its hemisphere will help scientists
in Germany predict changes better in future.
123. Modern bourgeois society, said Nietzsche, was decadent and
enfeebled – a victim of the excessive development of the rational
faculties at the expense of will and instinct. Against the
liberal-rationalist stress on the intellect, Nietzsche urged
recognition of the dark mysterious world of instinctual desires – the
true forces of life. Smother the will excessive intellectualizing and
you destroy the spontaneity that sparks cultural creativity and
ignites a zest for living. The critical and theoretical outlook
destroyed the creative instincts. For man's manifold potential to be
realized, he must forego relying on the intellect and nurture again
the instinctual roots of human existence.
(1) Nietzsche urges the decadent and enfeebled modern society to
forego intellect and give importance to creative instincts.
(2) Nietzsche urges the decadent and enfeebled modern society to
smother the will with excessive intellectualizing and ignite a zest
for living.
(3) Nietzsche criticizes the intellectuals for enfeebling the modern
bourgeois society by not nurturing man's creative instincts.
(4) Nietzsche blames excessive intellectualization for the decline of
modern society and suggests nurturing creative instincts instead.
74. 2 Ramesh makes a direct, blatant statement that he did
not file his income tax returns. Devious means
scheming, deceitful.
75. 1 The principal tax is already mentioned as Rs. 20000.
He hasn't filed his income tax returns. Due to the delay
he will also have to pay interest on the principal amount.
76. 4 There are no sanctions involved with the income tax.
It's not possible for him to get a refund unless he files
his returns. Due to the delay he will be charged a fine
and not a fee.
77. 3 To impound means to seize property (usually by force
of power) and is used normally and here talking about
trust fund. So attached here refers to attaching
property by legal writ is the best option.
78. 2 Automobiles can only be seized before being auctioned
off (and not smashed, dismantled or frozen!).
79. 4 An income tax defaulter is an offender and not a
purchaser, victim or investor.
80. 3 The words in the previous sentence and the tone of
the passage indicate that the corridors were empty.
81. 1 This choice is appropriate because the men were
talking in low-pitched voices. Stentorian means marked by loud voice.
82. 4 The word 'choler' (which means anger or irritability) in
the previous sentence indicates a direct relationship
with temper.
83. 1 He couldn't have strolled the corridors because he
was angry. The President would not prowl in the
corridors. Also one does not storm a corridor but may
storm in and out of a corridor or a room. But one can
pace up and down.
84. 3 Sentence B is wrong because efforts 'bear fruit' and
not 'give fruit'. Sentence C is incorrect because
'complimented' should have been used, comple mented
means 'something that completes, makes up a whole'.
85. 2 Sentence B is wrong because you don't plead 'guilty
of' but plead 'guilty to' a crime. Sentence D is wrong
because one gets 'sentenced to' prison.
86. 1 Sentence B is incorrect because the correct usage of
its last part would be – 'thinking what to do'. Sentence
C is wrong because the article 'a' should precede
'shower'.
87. 3 Between options (2) and (3), the difference is inthe
word advocate and advocating. Both options have
the word "incidents". We need a verb (advocate) and
not a gerund (advocating). Hence, the option (3). In
option (1), the usage 'suggest to bring down is
incorrect'. In option (4) audiocassette prices 'should'
be (and not 'to' be) brought down. Between options
(2) and (3), 'incidence' of music piracy can be reduced
and not 'incidents'.
88. 3 Option (2) is incorrect due to the usage of the simple
present tense in 'they portray'. Option (4) is incorrect
due to the usage if the singular 'it' for the plural 'things'.
Option (1) is wrong because of the unnecessary usage
of 'must have' after using 'essential'.
89. 4 Option (2) is incorrect because we cannot say that
'archeologists … are estimated'. Options (1) and (3)
have the problems of misplaced modifiers.
90. 2 The correct usage would have been – 'he bolted for
the gate'.
91. 4 Fallout does not mean failure. It refers to consequence
or argument.
92. 2 The usage of 'passing her ' is inappropriate, one can
simply say 'passing on the road ' or ' passing by '.
93. 1 AC is a mandatory pair and DAC is a mandatory
sequence.
94. 2 B is the opening statement as it introduces the subject
and the date. EDA is a sequence that describes the
situation from the east to the west. Statement C is a
stand-alone statement.
95. 4 CDBA is a mandatory sequence. "Bush was not
fighting just the democrats" in statement D, relates
directly with "At times he was fighting…" in statement
B.
96. 1 Statement 2 is only partially true. It only talks of
requirements and not of what grows in those regions.
Similarly, statement 3 talks only of produce and not
requirement. The passage is not concerned with what
people like or prefer but with what is locally available
or required.
97. 2 The last sentence of the passage is only conveyed
fully in option (2).
98. 1 The confusion could be between answer choices (1)
and (2). However, answer choice (2) deals with what
the author feels about the subject of a painting,
whereas we are concerned about a painter and an
insecure culture. The second line of the last paragraph
confirms the answer choice (1).
99. 3 Reading the first and the second paragraph quite easily
takes us to the answer choice (3).
100. 3 The second sentence of the fifth paragraph says 'the
subject may have a personal meaning … ; but there …
general meaning.' This is quite the opposite of what
answer choice (3) states, and so it becomes the
answer.
101. 1 The third paragraph, second line says 'a subject does
not start … or with something which the painter has to
remember'.
102. 1 Refer to the second-last paragraph, first line.
103. 2 Quite a direct answer, refer to the fourth paragraph.
104. 4 Refer to the sixth paragraph.
105. 2 This is a main idea question; if you look at the complete
passage, the author through examples of aeroplanes
and cars and even telephones etc. is trying to show
that innovation has not happened as much as it has
been made out to be. The changes have been basically
incremental and cosmetic.
106. 1 Refer to the last two lines of the last paragraph.
107. 1 The answer is clearly stated in the fifth line.
108. 3 The second-last paragraph talks of the various factors
that are responsible for this. Answer choice (3)
combines all of them.
109. 4 The centre as can be seen from the first paragraph is
the - 'rival centers of capital on the Continent and in
America,' therefore none of these is the answer.
110. 4 The answer can be figured out from the first and the
third paragraph.
111. 3 Refer to the third paragraph, last three lines.
112. 3 Refer to the first paragraph, second-last line.
113. 3 All the other three answer choices are in the fourth
and fifth paragraphs.
114. 3 If (3) is true and if Tsavo lions are similar to the cave
lions, then the Tsavo lions should also be less violent,
whereas the hypothesis tries to give reasons for the
Tsavo lions being more ferocious.
115. 2 Refer to the fourth paragraph, first line.
116. 3 Refer to the fourth paragraph, third-last line.
117. 2 The fourth paragraph, first line says Type B malnutrition
is the major cause of chronic degenerative diseases.
The first paragraph says chronic degenerative
diseases are the major causes of ill-health and death,
hence answer choice (2) follows.
118. 2 Check the first paragraph for the answer.
choices (1) and (4) seem to be very close.
However if you look at the first paragraph 4th line it
says- " These have a long latency period before
symptoms appear and a diagnosis is made." So the
latency period is quite specific. It is not just any latency
period as suggested by answer choice (4). What one
needs to ask in answer choice (4) is "which latency
period?" Also answer choice a includes the latency
period i.e. it includes answer choice (4). What this
means is that a large number of apparently healthy
people are deemed pre-ill because they may have
chronic degenerative diseases as "These (chronic
degenerative diseases) have a long latency period
before symptoms appear and a diagnosis is made".
119. 3 Both statements C and B (papyri is the plural for
Egyptian papers and documents) are talking about
sources of information, making CB a mandatory pair.
120. 1 ED is a mandatory pair as 'the fuel cell efficiency has
an efficiency of 30%' in E connects with
'That is twice as good' in D. BA is a pair because 'the
way will be open for a huge reduction…' in
B connects with 'only such a full-hearted leap will
allow the world to cope with mass motorization' in A.
121. 3 Statements (2) and (4) are partially true, as they do
not cover all the examples of preferential treatment.
Statement a is incomplete, as it does not mention direct
protest.
122. 2 Statement (3) is factually wrong as we don't know if
further research can happen only in Germany. Option
(4) wrongly brings out a contest between research
and debate. Between options (1) and (2), choice (1)
is inappropriate because we don't know if 'research'
will help find a 'definitive answer'.
123. 4 Option (2) is factually wrong. Option (2) is wrong
because Nietzsche does not criticize 'intellectuals'.
Option (1) is wrong because he does not talk of 'the
decline of modern society' only Option (4) captures
the essence of the paragraph.
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