1 If the county continues to collect residential trash at current levels, landfills will soon be overflowing and parkland will need to be used in order to create more space. Charging each household a fee for each pound of trash it puts out for collection will induce residents to reduce the amount of trash they create; this charge will therefore protect the remaining county parkland.
Which of the following is an assumption made in drawing the conclusion above?
(A) Residents will reduce the amount of trash they put out for collection by reducing the number of products they buy.
(B) The collection fee will not significantly affect the purchasing power of most residents, even if their households do not reduce the amount of trash they put out.
(C) The collection fee will not induce residents to dump their trash in the parklands illegally.
(D) The beauty of county parkland is an important issue for most of the county's residents.
(E) Landfills outside the county's borders could be used as dumping sites for the county's trash.
Which of the following is an assumption made in drawing the conclusion above?
(A) Residents will reduce the amount of trash they put out for collection by reducing the number of products they buy.
(B) The collection fee will not significantly affect the purchasing power of most residents, even if their households do not reduce the amount of trash they put out.
(C) The collection fee will not induce residents to dump their trash in the parklands illegally.
(D) The beauty of county parkland is an important issue for most of the county's residents.
(E) Landfills outside the county's borders could be used as dumping sites for the county's trash.
2
Concerned about financial well-being of its elderly citizens, the government of Runagia decided two years ago to increase by 20 percent the government-provided pension paid to all Runagians over 65. Inflation in the intervening period has been negligible, and the increase has been duly received by all eligible Runagians. Nevertheless, many of them are no better off financially than they were before the increase, in large part because ________.
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
A. They rely entirely on the government pension for their income
B. Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check
C. They buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation
D. The pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high
E. In Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living
Which of the following most logically completes the passage?
A. They rely entirely on the government pension for their income
B. Runagian banks are so inefficient that it can take up to three weeks to cash a pension check
C. They buy goods whose prices tend to rise especially fast in times of inflation
D. The pension was increased when the number of elderly Runagians below the poverty level reached an all-time high
E. In Runagia children typically supplement the income of elderly parents, but only by enough to provide them with a comfortable living
3
Many people are alarmed about the population explosion. They fail to appreciate that the present rise in population has in fact been followed by equally potent economic growth. Because of this connection between an increase in population and an increase in economic activity, population control measures should not be taken.
The questionable pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?
(A) Subscribers to news magazines are concerned that increased postage costs will be passed on to them in the form of higher subscription rates. But that is a price they have to pay for having the magazines delivered. No group of users of the postal system should be subsidized at the expense of others.
(B) Most of the salespeople are concerned with complaints about the sales manager's aggressive behavior. They need to consider that sales are currently increasing. Due to this success, no action should be taken to address the manager's behavior.
(C) Parents are concerned about their children spending too much time watching television. Those parents should consider television time as time they could spend with their children. Let the children watch television, but watch it with them.
(D) Nutritionists warn people not to eat unhealthy foods. Those foods have been in people's diets for years. Before cutting all those foods out of diets it would be wise to remember that people enjoy culinary variety.
(E) Some consumers become concerned when the price of a product increases for several years in a row, thinking that the price will continue to increase. But these consumers are mistaken since a long-term trend of price increases indicates that the price will probably decline in the future
The questionable pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most similar to that in which one of the following?
(A) Subscribers to news magazines are concerned that increased postage costs will be passed on to them in the form of higher subscription rates. But that is a price they have to pay for having the magazines delivered. No group of users of the postal system should be subsidized at the expense of others.
(B) Most of the salespeople are concerned with complaints about the sales manager's aggressive behavior. They need to consider that sales are currently increasing. Due to this success, no action should be taken to address the manager's behavior.
(C) Parents are concerned about their children spending too much time watching television. Those parents should consider television time as time they could spend with their children. Let the children watch television, but watch it with them.
(D) Nutritionists warn people not to eat unhealthy foods. Those foods have been in people's diets for years. Before cutting all those foods out of diets it would be wise to remember that people enjoy culinary variety.
(E) Some consumers become concerned when the price of a product increases for several years in a row, thinking that the price will continue to increase. But these consumers are mistaken since a long-term trend of price increases indicates that the price will probably decline in the future
4
The interest of consumers in Company A's product is directly affected by the weather. When the weather is good, salespeople working for Company A are not contacted by any potential customers. The weather in Company A's area is good for about three quarters of the days of the year. A local competitor offering the same product, Company B, is equally affected by the weather. Based on these factors, it follows that __________.
A. the employees in Company A's sales department can only have an impact on up to 12.5% of their sales opportunities
B. both Company A and Company B are likely to go out of business due to a lack of sufficient revenues earned from sales
C. Company A is likely to surpass Company B in the number of sales it creates during periods of bad weather
D. the employees in Company A's sales department will always be restricted to having control over only 25% of their sales opportunities
E. Company B and Company A would benefit from moving their operations to an area with worse weather conditions than those of their current area
A. the employees in Company A's sales department can only have an impact on up to 12.5% of their sales opportunities
B. both Company A and Company B are likely to go out of business due to a lack of sufficient revenues earned from sales
C. Company A is likely to surpass Company B in the number of sales it creates during periods of bad weather
D. the employees in Company A's sales department will always be restricted to having control over only 25% of their sales opportunities
E. Company B and Company A would benefit from moving their operations to an area with worse weather conditions than those of their current area
5
As a genre, hip-hop is vastly underrated. While critics are right to question the violent and sometimes racist content of many hip-hop lyrics, as well as the mediocrity of some popular hip-hop, the genre as a whole should not be dismissed as worthless just because portions of its subgenres are potentially offensive or sub-par. The whole should never be judged by just one of its parts.
The bolded phrases play which of the following roles in the passage above?
A. The first phrase contains a premise supporting the author's conclusion, and the second phrase contradicts that conclusion
B. The first phrase is a reply to an argument, and the second phrase is the author's conclusion.
C. The first phrase is the author's conclusion, and the second phrase contains support for a premise.
D. The first phrase is an analogy supporting a premise, and the second phrase is that premise
E. The first phrase is an opinion, while the second phrase contains an unrelated conclusion.
Bold = 1st and last Sentence
6
As a practical matter, the copper available for industrial use should not be thought of as limited by the quantity of copper deposits, known or unknown. The transmutation of one chemical element into another is a modern reality, through the methods of nuclear physics. Therefore, the quantity of a natural resource such as copper cannot be calculated even in principle, because copper can be made from other metals.
Which of the following, if true, is the strongest argument against the argument above?
A) Although it is possible that additional deposits of copper will be found, geological considerations strongly indicate that they will not amount to more than fifty-year supply.
B) The production of copper from other metals in industrial quantities would be prohibitively expensive in energy and materials.
C) Synthetic materials have been discovered that can serve as practical substitutes for copper in most of its uses.
D) It will be impractical, in the foreseeable future, to mine any deposits of metal that may exist on the moon or on other planets.
E) Methods for estimating the amount of copper available in currently known deposits have become very sophisticated and have proved some accurate
Which of the following, if true, is the strongest argument against the argument above?
A) Although it is possible that additional deposits of copper will be found, geological considerations strongly indicate that they will not amount to more than fifty-year supply.
B) The production of copper from other metals in industrial quantities would be prohibitively expensive in energy and materials.
C) Synthetic materials have been discovered that can serve as practical substitutes for copper in most of its uses.
D) It will be impractical, in the foreseeable future, to mine any deposits of metal that may exist on the moon or on other planets.
E) Methods for estimating the amount of copper available in currently known deposits have become very sophisticated and have proved some accurate
8
In response to the increasing cost of producing energy through traditional means, such as combustion, many utility companies have begun investing in renewable energy sources, chiefly wind and solar power, hoping someday to rely on them completely and thus lower energy costs. The utility companies claim that although these sources require significant initial capital investment, they will provide stable energy supplies at low cost. As a result, these sources will be less risky for the utilities than nonrenewable sources, such as gas, oil, and coal, whose prices can fluctuate dramatically according to availability.
The claim of the utility companies presupposes which of the following?
(A) The public will embrace the development of wind and solar power.
(B) No new deposits of gas, oil, and coal will be discovered in the near future.
(C) Weather patterns are consistent and predictable.
(D) The necessary technology for conversion to wind and solar power is not more expensive than the technology needed to create energy through combustion.
(E) Obtaining energy from nonrenewable sources, such as gas, oil and coal, cannot be made less risky.
The claim of the utility companies presupposes which of the following?
(A) The public will embrace the development of wind and solar power.
(B) No new deposits of gas, oil, and coal will be discovered in the near future.
(C) Weather patterns are consistent and predictable.
(D) The necessary technology for conversion to wind and solar power is not more expensive than the technology needed to create energy through combustion.
(E) Obtaining energy from nonrenewable sources, such as gas, oil and coal, cannot be made less risky.
9
Cardiologist: Coronary bypass surgery is commonly
performed on patients suffering from coronary
artery disease when certain other therapies would
be as effective. Besides being relatively
inexpensive, these other therapies pose less risk
to the patient since they are less intrusive. Bypass
surgery is especially debatable for single-vessel
disease.
The cardiologist's statements, if true, most strongly
support which one of the following?
(A) Bypass surgery is riskier than all alternative
therapies.
(B) Needless bypass surgery is more common today
than previously.
(C) Bypass surgery should be performed when more
than one vessel is diseased.
(D) Bypass surgery is an especially expensive
therapy when used to treat single-vessel
disease.
(E) Sometimes there are equally effective
alternatives to bypass surgery that involve less
performed on patients suffering from coronary
artery disease when certain other therapies would
be as effective. Besides being relatively
inexpensive, these other therapies pose less risk
to the patient since they are less intrusive. Bypass
surgery is especially debatable for single-vessel
disease.
The cardiologist's statements, if true, most strongly
support which one of the following?
(A) Bypass surgery is riskier than all alternative
therapies.
(B) Needless bypass surgery is more common today
than previously.
(C) Bypass surgery should be performed when more
than one vessel is diseased.
(D) Bypass surgery is an especially expensive
therapy when used to treat single-vessel
disease.
(E) Sometimes there are equally effective
alternatives to bypass surgery that involve less
risk.
10
Marvin's behavior at the party last night is fascinating in that there is no evidence that he drank the entire container of punch despite the fact that he was the only person known to have been by the punchbowl between the time it was filled and the time it was observed to be empty. If Marvin had drunk the entire bowl, then some of the punch would inevitably have spilled on the tile, but I examined the tile carefully and found no evidence of spilled punch. Thus Marvin must not have drunk the entire punchbowl.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A. Most large drinks that have been imbibed at parties result in significant spillage.
B. The person examining the tile for evidence of spilled punch has been able to detect such evidence in considerably more obscure, hidden places.
C. Marvin's behavior at the party was observed for the first time by the examiner.
D. Many of the other telltale signs of a punchbowl's being consumed were found.
E. At certain raucous parties like the party in question, some punchbowls are merely thrown out the window as part of a prank.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A. Most large drinks that have been imbibed at parties result in significant spillage.
B. The person examining the tile for evidence of spilled punch has been able to detect such evidence in considerably more obscure, hidden places.
C. Marvin's behavior at the party was observed for the first time by the examiner.
D. Many of the other telltale signs of a punchbowl's being consumed were found.
E. At certain raucous parties like the party in question, some punchbowls are merely thrown out the window as part of a prank.
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