MOCK 2808

Light from distant galaxies tells us that the universe is
expanding-one of the main pieces of evidence that space, time and
everything came into existence a little over 12bn years ago in the big
bang. In 1998 astronomers, trying to find out whether the expansion
will continue forever, or grind to a halt and reverse itself in a big
crunch, discovered something much more puzzling. The expansion is
speeding up. To explain this baffling acceleration, the cosmologists
invented dark energy, a mysterious force that pushes the universe
apart. Does dark energy exist? No one knows. At present nothing known
to physics can explain it, so something unknown to physics must be the
cause. It's like something out of Star Wars. In February this year,
American cosmologists Gia Dvali and Michael S Turner put forward a
different theory, one in which dark energy does not exist. Instead,
gravity is leaking out of our universe into an extra dimension. With
less gravity to hold the universe together, it is coming apart faster
than expected. It also sounds like something out of Star Wars. Hidden
dimensions? Only in the late 20th and early 21st centuries could
physicists say this kind of thing with a straight face. It is a
concept associated with Victorian spiritualists, who invented the
fourth dimension as a convenient place to hide everything that didn't
make sense in the familiar three. We spent the first half of the 20th
century learning that the universe is far stranger than we imagined.
Albert Einstein taught us that not only do space and time together
make up a four-dimensional continuum; they also get mixed up with each
other if we move fast enough-this is relativity. And Werner
Heisenberg, Erwin Schrzger and Paul Dirac discovered that on the
tiniest of scales, the universe is plain weird: the quantum world, in
which matter is made of waves and cats can be alive and dead at the
same time.

We spent the last half of the 20th century puzzling over one gigantic
discrepancy: relativity and quantum theory contradict each other. Each
works well within its own domain-the very large for relativity, the
very small for quantum theory. But when those domains overlap, as they
do when we want to understand the early history of the universe, the
combination doesn't work. And so science set off on a quest for a
single theory that would unify the whole of physics into a single
mathematical law. And out of that quest came a strong suspicion that
the familiar three dimensions of space and a fourth of time are mere
scratches on the surface of something far bigger. Could the universe
be made from ten-dimensional "superstrings," maybe, with six tightly
curled dimensions that are so small we never notice them? Or is the
universe just a four-dimensional "brane" floating in a
many-dimensional metaverse, like a skin of congealed milk on a cup of
coffee? Somewhere in that half century, physics lost contact with the
world in which most of us live. However, it is worth recognising that
their world may be more real than ours; the human-centred viewpoint
works fine for activities like politics and art, but it may not be
appropriate for a universe that operates in inhuman ways and on scales
that the human mind did not evolve to contemplate.

21. Which of the following cannot be inferred from the passage?

a. Physicists have struggled for decades to find a grand unified theory.
b. Space and time can get mixed up at very high speeds.
c. Dark energy was the cosmologists' invention to explain the
acceleration of the expansion of the universe.
d. Dark energy has its own, very structurally defined, dimensions.

22. By saying physics lost contact with the world, the author means:

a. Physics created a world of its own.
b. There was no compassion left in the world of physics.
c. Physics became larger than life.
d. Physics became difficult to handle.

23. According to the author, why is it difficult to explain the hidden
dimension?

a. Because the Victorians projected it as a trivial object.
b. Because gravity pushed everything there.
c. Because it seems straight out of a star wars movie.
d. None of the abov

24. Given below are five sentences or parts of sentences that form a
paragraph. Identify the sentence(s) or part(s) of sentence(s) that
is/are incorrect in terms of grammar and usage. Then, choose the most
appropriate option.

A. 'Friends' reflects a trend that becomes increasingly common in most
of the world,
B a phase of life after adolescence and before adulthood.
C. This phase has been explored by academics and commentators recently
and has been now popularly called 'the odyssey years',
D. since it consists mainly of wandering, an aim to discover and
overcoming several small rites of passage.
E. In this phase, 20-somethings live, seemingly, with no clear sense
of direction.

a. Only A b. A and C c. D and E d.
A , C and D

25. Given below are four sentences or parts of sentences that form a
paragraph. Identify the sentence(s) or part(s) of sentence(s) that
is/are incorrect in terms of grammar and usage. Then, choose the most
appropriate option.

A. Over 50 years after his death, the spectre of Jinnah seems to be
playing a very active role in our politics,
B. with Advani barely escaping his marauding clutches and Jaswant
Singh succumbing, while donning an air of gravelly martyrdom.
C. After so many years of not caring about the past, why is it so
important what Jinnah did or Patel said or did not say?
D. As a party spokesperson admitted, Jaswant Singh's characterization
of Jinnah ran counter to the popular perception that Indians have of
him.

a. A and B b. B and C c. A, B and C d. B, C and D

26. Given below is a sentence, part or all of which is bracketed.
Beneath the sentence you will find four ways of phrasing the br part.
acketedThe first of these repeats the original; the other three are
different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer;
otherwise choose one of the others. These questions test correctness
and effectiveness of expression. In choosing your answer, follow the
requirements of standard written English; that is, pay attention to
grammar, choice of words, and sentence construction. Choose the answer
that produces the most effective sentence; this answer should be clear
and exact, without awkwardness, ambiguity, redundancy, or grammatical
error.

Dr. Stevenson was a very inspiring and (dedicated scientist, who on
the very apogee of his career at the French National Institute for
Health and Medical Research, was ready to put his reputation all along
the line to report a phenomenon he didn't understand: Allergy
desensitization.)

a. dedicated scientist, who on the very apogee of his career at the
French National Institute for Health and Medical Research, was ready
to put his reputation all along the line to report a phenomenon he
didn't understand : Allergy desensitization.
b. dedicated scientist, who, at the very apogee of his career at the
French National Institute for Health and Medical Research, was ready
to put his reputation on the line to report a phenomenon he didn't
understand: allergy desensitization.
c. dedicated scientist, who on the very apogee of his career at the
French National Institute for Health and Medical Research, was ready
to put his reputation all along the line to report a phenomenon he
didn't understand: allergy desensitization.
d. dedicated scientist who at the very apogee of his career at the
French National Institute for Health and Medical Research was ready to
put his reputation on the line to report a phenomenon he didn't
understand; Allergy desensitization.

27. Given below is a sentence, part or all of which is bracteted.
Beneath the sentence you will find four ways of phrasing the bracketed
part. The first of these repeats the original; the other three are
different. If you think the original is best, choose the first answer;
otherwise choose one of the others. These questions test correctness
and effectiveness of expression. In choosing your answer, follow the
requirements of standard written English; that is, pay attention to
grammar, choice of words, and sentence construction. Choose the answer
that produces the most effective sentence; this answer should be clear
and exact, without awkwardness, ambiguity, redundancy, or grammatical
error.

(Every contract made for or on behalf of the United States,
necessitating the employment of laborers or mechanics should contain a
provision that none of them could be required to work) more than eight
hours in any calendar day.

a. Every contract made for or on behalf of the United States,
necessitating the employment of laborers or mechanics should contain a
provision that none of them could be required to work
b. The United States necessitates the employment of laborers or
mechanics and every contract made for or on behalf of it should
contain a provision that none of them should be required to work
c. Every contract made for or on behalf of the United States,
necessitating the employment of laborers or mechanics should contain a
provision that not any of them should be required to work
d. Every contract made for or on behalf of the United States,
necessitating the employment of laborers or mechanics should contain a
provision that none of them should be required to work

DIRECTIONS for Questions 28 to 30: The passage given below is followed
by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.

A convincing message must be logical, and in a political discourse
this means, according to Aristotle, that a proposal must have obvious
advantages compared to an alternative. The pro-Constitution campaign
did indeed concentrate on the advantages of the new treaty. Quite
logical. However, two remarks must be made.

In the first place: the campaigners confused "this is better" and
"this is good". Again and again, they said that the proposed
Constitution was an improvement compared to the old treaty of Nice.
This was true, because the European Parliament was to receive greater
powers and democratic controls increased. Many people will consider
these things to be improvements, and therefore, the campaigners
argued, the Dutch could agree with the Constitution.

But the issue was not whether the new treaty was better for Europe; it
was presented as good for Europe. And this was not the whole truth.
Better is not good enough. It might be argued, for example, that no
treaty could be called a "good constitution" as long as it did not
give the power of initiative to the European Parliament; a beefed-up
parliament without this vital power cannot be called democratic.
Voters could have very sound reasons to think that this treaty was not
sufficient, even though they could agree that it was better than the
current treaty.

In the second place: what is logic? Not everybody considers the same
appeals to be valid. Here is an argument that was really mentioned:
"The Eastern Europeans do not support the Dutch during the Eurovision
Song Contest, so we will not support a treaty that is benefical to
Eastern Europe." It is understandable that many people thought that
this was really irrelevant, but there were people who thought that it
was perfectly logical.

It was rather tactless of the Dutch Minister for Foreign Affairs, Mr.
Bot, to declare that the Song Contest argument was "holding things
upside down", and equally tactless was his suggestion that people
should stay away from the polling stations if they did not understand
what the treaty was about.

Not only were these remarks tactless, they also disregarded the nature
of democracy. If the best policy could be deduced logically, we could
give supreme power to a group of philosophers and live happily ever
after. We do not do this, because even the greatest sages make
mistakes.

28. Which of the following can be inferred from the discussion about
the proposed constitution ?

a. The campaigners had more clarity than the people about the meanings
of 'good' and 'better'.
b. Voters agreed that the proposed constitution was better than the
current treaty.
c. The improvements presented by the campaigners could not be seen as
'good' by the people.
d. The campaigners sent the message that the constitution was better
for Europe when it was actually good for Europe.

29. Which of the following would be in line with the author's views in
the passage ?

a. What appears logical to one may not appear logical to the other.
b. The Dutch Minister , Mr Bot did not have a sound conception of logic.
c. Aristotle's concept of a convincing argument is flawed as it does
not talk about 'tact'.
d. One should not use logic to decide the best policy in the political
sphere unless one is a philosopher or a sage.

30. The primary purpose of the author in the passage is to

a. Argue that the campaigners did not apply Aristotle's theory
properly and hence failed in their quest.
b. Show that Aristotle's theory regarding a convincing message in a
political discourse is irrelevant when we come to its application.
c. Show that Aristotle's theory on political discourse can pose
problems when it comes to its application in deciding the best policy
in political matters.
d. Prove that one cannot entrust the country's policymaking completely
to philosophers.

31. Given below is a paragraph from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options, choose the one that completes the
paragraph in the most appropriate way.

The "war" between science and religion is notable for the amount of
civil disobedience on both sides. Most scientists and most religious
believers refuse to be drafted into the fight. Whether out of a
liveand- let-live philosophy, or a belief that religion and science
are actually compatible, or a heartfelt indifference to the question,
they're choosing to sit this one out. Still, the war continues, and
it's not just a sideshow. __________________________

a. People on both the sides of the line have tried to win the war, but
continuance of war has helped the humanity more.
b. The balance, during the dark ages, was in favour of religion, but
now it is tilted in favour of science.
c. On both sides, there are intensely motivated and vocal people
making serious and conflicting claims.
d. The faith that science and religion are complementary has never
been stronger.

32. Given below is a paragraph from which the last sentence has been
deleted. From the given options, choose the one that completes the
paragraph in the most appropriate way.

Creativity has long been a focus of academics in fields ranging from
anthropology to neuroscience, and has enticed management scholars as
well. Therefore, a substantial body of work on creativity has been
available to any businessperson inclined to step back from the fray of
daily management and engage in its questions. And that's suddenly very
fortunate, because what used to be an intellectual interest for some
thoughtful executives has now become an urgent concern for many.
____________________

a. The shift to a more innovation-driven economy has been abrupt.
b. Academicians have now pushed the ball in the management's court and
it remains to be seen how executives will cope up with this.
c. Management has now joined the long list of subjects that have a
bias towards the arts rather than the science.
d. Still many are unruffled by this race for creativity and we can,
somehow, surmise their future.

33. Four alternative summaries are given below the text. Choose the
option that best captures the essence of the text.

Further, the state is by nature clearly prior to the family and to the
individual, since the whole is of necessity prior to the part; for
example, if the whole body be destroyed, there will be no foot or
hand, except in an equivocal sense, as we might speak of a stone hand;
for when destroyed the hand will be no better than that. But things
are defined by their working and power; and we ought not to say that
they are the same when they no longer have their proper quality, but
only that they have the same name. The proof that the state is a
creation of nature and prior to the individual is that the individual,
when isolated, is not self-sufficing; and therefore he is like a part
in relation to the whole.

a. Nature is the most superior of all things since human beings are
its creations. All other institutions need nature to function and
achieve their optimum efficiency.
b. Man is a part in relation to the state, which can be considered as
a whole. If the state is removed then man will be unable to function
and this makes the state prior and superior.
c. One should always look at things in a holistic manner instead of
looking at insignificant parts.
d. Human beings appear superior in their ability to mould nature
according to their nature, but this is possible only when they work in
collaboration. This makes it possible for states to be created.

34. Four alternative summaries are given below the text. Choose the
option that best captures the essence of the text.

Herein lies an important lesson that I have learned in many years of
paranormal investigations: What people remember rarely corresponds to
what actually happened. Case in point: A man named Guy Savelli said
that he had seen soldiers kill goats by staring at them, and that he
himself had also done so. But as the story unfolds I discovered that
Savelli is recalling, years later, what he remembers about a
particular "experiment" with 30 numbered goats. Savelli randomly chose
goat number 16 and gave it his best death stare. But he couldn't
concentrate that day, so he quit the experiment, only to be told later
that goat number 17 had died. End of story. No autopsy or explanation
of the cause of death. No information about how much time had elapsed;
the conditions, like temperature, of the room into which the 30 goats
had been placed; how long they had been there, and so forth.

a. Paranormal investigations are subjective and closely guarded.
b. In paranormal investigations, people are seen to create versions
that do not withstand questioning.
c. People blank out paranormal events, thereby making paranormal
investigations doubtful.
d. In paranormal investigations, the issue of what is professed and
what had happened are different things.

DIRECTIONS for Questions 35 to 37: The passage given below is followed
by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.

I now want to have a close look at positivism, using the work of Jorge
Rivas .Rivas links positivism back to classical empiricism. He says
that classical empiricism conflates the empirical and the actual
levels of reality, as:

It holds that the only thing that really exists is our experience. The
early Positivists adopted this empiricist ontology as the very core of
their philosophy of science to distinguish themselves from
metaphysical and religious explanations based on unobservables, and it
continued to be the basic ontological position of some branches of
Positivist philosophy of social science as late as the
1970s....However, most Positivists today recognize only the events
which actually occur as real (often calling true empiricism "Naïve
Empiricism"). This position is known as actualism.

He adds that even where Positivists are actualists with regards to
natural phenomena, many Positivists still hold to true empiricism when
it comes to social phenomena. They hold that material reality can be
distinguished from the empirical observation of it (in other words,
that it is actual), but that social reality cannot i.e. that social
reality is inherently subjective and has no external reality beyond
human consciousness or cognition.

Moreover, while actualist Positivists distinguish between the actual
and the empirical domains (in other words, between events and
perceptions of those events):they do not distinguish between the
actual and the generative domains (in other words, between events and
the often unobservable underlying causes of those events). Actualism
denies the reality of the generative domain. This form of empiricism
does not accept that there are hidden, unknown or unrecognized
mechanisms really generating actual events. Interpretivists also deny
the generative domain.

He adds that an area where the Scientific Realist and Positivist
approaches diverge radically is in the conception of scientific
explanation, and the role of scientific laws in scientific
explanation.

The Positivist conception of explanation, exemplified by Carl Hempel
and still adhered to by philosophers of science critical of some other
aspects of Positivism, such as Karl Popper, claims that science has
explained an event when it has formulated a universal law, or
"covering law", from which the event can be deduced (known as
subsumption under a generalization). In this nomological model of
explanation, a scientific law is seen to reflect the actual constant
conjunction of empirically observable events. This "constant
conjunction" conception of scientific laws, first developed by David
Hume, derives directly from the empiricism of early Positivism because
it refers to the empirical instantiation of the law itself. In other
words, due to the empiricist ontology of Positivism, a scientific law
cannot refer to unobservable causes. Because it is referring to the
constant conjunction of events, the basic form of the law is: "if y
then z". If we identify y, then we can predict that z will follow.
This means that prediction is built into the Positivist formulation of
explanation. Thus, the explanation of a phenomenon also entails the
ability to predict it. This is known as the "deductive-nomological"
(D-N), "Humean", or "covering law" model of explanation and scientific
laws and, importantly, it produces the Positivist thesis of the
symmetry of explanation and prediction.

According to Scientific Realism the propensity of objects of study to
behave in certain ways results from their internal and external
structures at the generative level, so that while these generative
structures may be unperceived, we can attempt to know of them through
their effects:

Thus a crucial difference between the Scientific Realist and
Positivist conceptions of science is that Realists argue that when
scientists talk about "scientific laws" (e.g. "laws of nature", "laws
of history" or "laws of supply and demand") they are referring to
those causal mechanisms of the objects of study which makes such a
law-like formulation (relatively) accurate, not to the empirical
instantiation of the law itself (which is the
empiricist Positivist position).


35. The meaning of the word 'conflate' as used in the passage is closest to

a. Exaggerate b. Expand c. Merge d. Distort

36. Which of the following statements are true regarding 'The
positivist conception of scientific explanation'?

A. The positivist conception of scientific explanation denies the
existence of the generative domain as it is not possible to predict
events if the generative domain is affirmed to be true.
B. The positivist conception of scientific explanation draws its
fundamentals from classical empiricism.
C. The positivist conception of scientific explanation believes in a
universal law behind a set of events which can be observed or
experienced.

a. Only A b. Only B c. A and B d. B and C

37. The primary purpose of the passage is to

a. Portray the clarity with which Jorge Rivas understands positivism.
b. Show how Positivism has been influenced by classical empiricism.
c. Explain the various branches of positivism.
d. Argue that classical empiricism has become obsolete when we look at
present day positivism.

38. Read the argument given below and answer the question that follows.

The overall rate of TB has declined 15% over the last 15 years in
Bihar. During that period, the total cost of care for TB sufferers in
Bihar, after accounting for inflation, declined by 2% per year until 8
years ago, at which time it began increasing by approximately 2% per
year so that now the total health care cost for treating TB is
approximately equal to what it was 15 years ago.

Which one of the following best resolves the apparent discrepancy
between the incidence of TB in Bihar and the cost of caring for TB
sufferers?

a. The overall cost of health care in Bihar has increased by 7% in the
last 15 years, after accounting for inflation.
b. About 7 years ago, the widespread switch to health maintenance
organisations halted overall increases in health care costs in Bihar,
after accounting for inflation.
c. Improvements in technology have significantly increased both the
costs per patient and the success rate of TB care in the past 15
years.
d. None of the above.

39. Read the argument given below and answer the question that follows.

Bank depositors in the United States are all financially protected
against bank failures because the government insures all individuals'
bank deposits. An economist argues that this insurance is partly
responsible for the high rate of bank failures, since it removes from
depositors any financial incentive to find out whether the bank that
holds their money is secure against failure. If depositors were more
inquisitive, then banks would need to be secure in order to compete
for depositors' money.

In the above passage, the two portions in boldface play which of the
following roles?

a. The first is evidence that the economist offers in support of a
certain prediction; the second is that position
b. The first is a pattern of cause and effect that the economist
predicts will hold under the present circumstances. The second
acknowledges a situation in which that pattern would not hold.
c. The first is a pattern of cause and effect that the economist
predicts will not hold in the case at issue; the second offers a
consideration in support of that prediction
d. The first acknowledges a consideration that weighs against the main
position that the economist defends; the second is that position

40. Read the argument given below and answer the question that follows.

For education results to improve, teachers must show up at work and do
their jobs well just as doctors and nurses must do for people's health
to improve but these service providers are often trapped in a system
where incentives for doing their jobs well are weak, corruption is
rife and political patronage is a way of life.

Which of the following seriously challenges the assumption implicit in
the above passage?

a. doctors and teachers are professionals who are motivated purely by
their own desire to extend help.
b. the health and education systems are in shambles because of their
employees and not because of their patrons.
c. doctors and teachers work for incentives
d. corruption and political patronage have permeated all aspects of life.

41. There are two blanks in the following sentences. From the pairs of
words given, choose the one that fills the blanks most appropriately.
The first word in the pair should fill the first blank.

Not that the Soviet ________ was the only culprit. In every country
where it was shown the censors had a field day, and nibbled away even
at what the ________Shumiatsky had left.

a. kingdom, benevolent
b. era, obnoxious
c. ideology, blasphemous
d. regime, esurient

42. There are two blanks in the following sentence. From the pairs of
words given, choose the one that fills the blanks most appropriately.
The first word in the pair should fill the first blank.

Truly, with the ________mirror of material ________ever before our
gaze, we see things spiritual and eternal 'through a glass darkly'.

a. tenebrous, reality
b. shattered, pompousness
c. silent, divinity
d. fading, distraction

43. The sentence given below has a blank. From the options choose a
word that meaningfully fills the blank.

People converse with one another using a _______ range of languages,
each differing from the next in innumerable ways.

a. glaring b. dazzling c. homely d. lambent

44. The sentence given below has a blank. From the options choose a
word that meaningfully fills the blank.

Party planners know that scrunching a bunch of people into a small
space will result in plenty of mingling and _________.

a. grandiloquence b. monologue c. discourse d. sermons

DIRECTIONS for Questions 45 to 47: The passage given below is followed
by a set of questions. Choose the best answer to each question.

Structuralism is a theory of humankind in which all elements of human
culture, including literature, are thought to be parts of a system of
signs. Critic Robert Scholes has described structuralism as a reaction
to "'modernist' alienation and despair." European structuralists such
as Roman Jakobson, Claude Lévi-Strauss, and Roland Barthes (before his
shift toward poststructuralism) attempted to develop a semiology, or
semiotics (science of signs). Barthes, among others, sought to recover
literature and even language from the isolation in which they had been
studied and to show that the laws that govern them govern all signs,
from road signs to articles of clothing.

Structuralism was heavily influenced by linguistics, especially by the
pioneering work of Ferdinand de Saussure. Particularly useful to
structuralists was Saussure's concept of the phoneme (the smallest
basic speech sound or unit of pronunciation) and his idea that
phonemes exist in two kinds of relationships: diachronic and
synchronic. A phoneme has a diachronic, or "horizontal," relationship
with those other phonemes that precede and follow it (as the words
appear, left to right, on this page) in a particular usage, utterance,
or narrative— what Saussure, a linguist, called parole (French for
"word"). A phoneme has a synchronic, or "vertical," relationship with
the entire system of language within which individual usages,
utterances, or narratives have meaning—what Saussure called langue
(French for "tongue," as in "native tongue," meaning language). An
means what it means in English because those of us who speak the
language are plugged into the same system (think of it as a computer
network where different individuals can access the same information in
the same way at a given time).

Following Saussure, Lévi-Strauss, an anthropologist, studied hundreds
of myths, breaking them into their smallest meaningful units, which he
called "mythemes." Removing each from its diachronic relations with
other mythemes in a single myth (such as the myth of Oedipus and his
mother), he vertically aligned those mythemes that he found to be
homologous (structurally correspondent). He then studied the
relationships within as well as between vertically aligned columns, in
an attempt to understand scientifically, through ratios and
proportions, those thoughts and processes that humankind has shared,
both at one particular time and across time. Whether Lévi-Strauss was
studying the structure of myths or the structure of villages, he
looked for recurring, common elements that transcended the differences
within and among cultures.

Structuralists followed Saussure in preferring to think about the
overriding langue, or language of myth, in which each mytheme and
mytheme-constituted myth fits meaningfully, rather than about isolated
individual paroles, or narratives. Structuralists also followed
Saussure's lead in believing that sign systems must be understood in
terms of binary oppositions (a proposition later disputed by
poststructuralist Jacques Derrida). In analyzing myths and texts to
find basic structures, structuralists found that opposite terms
modulate until they are finally resolved or reconciled by some
intermediary third term. Thus a structuralist reading of Milton's
Paradise Lost (1667) might show that the war between God and the
rebellious angels becomes a rift between God and sinful, fallen man, a
rift that is healed by the Son of God, the mediating third term.

Although structuralism was largely a European phenomenon in its origin
and development, it was influenced by American thinkers as well. Noam
Chomsky, for instance, who powerfully influenced structuralism through
works such as Reflections on Language (1975), identified and
distinguished between "surface structures" and "deep structures" in
language and linguistic literatures, including texts.

45. It can be inferred that structuralism primarily seeks to

a. isolate individual elements from the whole.
b. understand the unity permeating in and through the diversity of
human culture.
c. resolve opposing terms in human culture.
d. eliminate the study of the isolated elements of human culture.

46. Which of the following statements cannot be inferred from the passage?

A. The main aim of structuralists was to find that third element which
would resolve opposition.
B. Poststructuralism was opposed to structuralism.
C. Structuralism would have died a premature death if the concept of
phoneme had not been elucidated by Saussure.

a. Only A b. A and C c. B and C d. All of the above

47. Which of the following statements is true about Strauss's work?

a. Strauss refined Saussure's theory.
b. Strauss showed the superiority of langue over paroles.
c. Strauss showed that anthropology was connected to linguistics.
d. Strauss provided evidence which proved that Saussure's theory could
be applied across various verticals.

48. Given below are five sentences/paragraphs. The sentence/paragraph
labelled A is in its correct place. The four that follow are labelled
B, C, D and E, and need to be arranged in the logical order to form a
coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options, choose the most
appropriate option.

A. The government was claiming that the city's air was cleaner for the
Olympics than it had been in a decade.
B. But stench from a waste-disposal plant was smothering their homes.
C. After a lull, news of protests around China about all sorts of
issues is again trickling out.
D. Freed from Olympic constraints, they felt it was time to protest.
E. They were not alone.

a. BEDC b. CDEB c. BDEC d. DEBC

49. Given below are five sentences/paragraphs. The sentence/paragraph
labelled A is in its correct place. The four that follow are labelled
B, C, D and E, and need to be arranged in the logical order to form a
coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options, choose the most
appropriate option.

A. In such circumstances, the recent fall in the price of oil (and
food) should be a boon for hard-pressed consumers.
B. Inflation seems set to follow oil and food costs down, but some
policymakers fret that it may not fall quickly to a tolerable level.
C. It has not, however, fallen far enough for central bankers to be
celebrating just yet.
D. If so, sluggish GDP growth may not create enough slack in the
economy to drive inflation down far.
E. Their concern is that high oil prices may have harmed the potential
growth rate of the economy, as well as temporarily pushing up
inflation.

a. CEBD b. BDCE c. CBED d. BECD

50. Given below are five sentences/paragraphs. The sentence/paragraph
labelled A is in its correct place. The four that follow are labelled
B, C, D and E, and need to be arranged in the logical order to form a
coherent paragraph/passage. From the given options, choose the most
appropriate option.

A. If the timing and reasoning behind Sotheby's decision to go ahead
are obvious, the reasons Mr. Hirst wants to risk his reputation for a
one-off fire sale are more subtle.
B. Although he has benefited from the contacts and clout that his
dealers provide, he is irked by their habit of making potential new
buyers prove themselves by waiting before they are allowed to purchase
a work of art.
C Anyone with enough money can buy what they want – immediately.
D. Much of it has to do with his natural impatience, his wish to break
rules and break down boundaries.
E. "Dealers are gatekeepers who permit artists' access to serious
collectors," explains Mr. Thompson. Auction rooms, by contrast, are
more democratic.

a. BDEC b. BDCE c. DEBC d. DBEC