Question: 35
Three out of four sentences in the options, when correctly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Which of the following sentences does
not fit into the context?
1) 4
2) 3
3) 2
4) 1
Question: 36
Three out of four sentences in the options, when correctly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Which of the following sentences does
not fit into the context?
1) 4
2) 3
3) 2
4) 1
Question: 37
Three out of four sentences in the options, when correctly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Which of the following sentences does
not fit into the context?
1) 4
2) 3
3) 2
4) 1
Q 38
Three out of four sentences in the options, when correctly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Which of the following sentences does
not fit into the context?
1) 4
2) 3
3) 2
4) 1
Question: 39
The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.
In the distant past, large, safe and prosperous societies were not a Western peculiarity. We can see this just by looking at a map. From
the mid-1stmillennium B.C. onwards, a band of rather similar empires grew up across the Old World from the Mediterranean to China. All
were large, peaceful, stable and prosperous. Across the oceans, smaller but still formidable states also ruled parts of Central America and
the Andes.
At their height, the greatest of these empires – the Roman in the West, the Han in what we now call China, and the Mauryan in modern
India and Pakistan – each covered about 1.5–2 million square miles, governed thirty to sixty million people, and beat (most of) its swords
into ploughshares. In each empire, rates of violent death declined sharply, and people put their ploughshares to good use, prospering in a
golden age of relative peace and plenty.
On the whole, we know less about the Han and Mauryan Empires than about Rome, and less still about states in the New World. In the
Americas, the shortage of evidence is so acute that specialists cannot even agree on the region where powerful states first appeared.
Some archaeologists see the Olmec culture in what is now Mexico (ca. 1200 B.C.) and Chavín
de Huantar in what is now Peru (ca. 1000
B.C.) as the pioneers. Mainstream opinion, however, holds that it was only a thousand years later, in the age of the Moche culture in Peru
and the city-states of Monte Albán and Teotihuacán in Mexico, that America's first functioning governments put in an appearance,
imposing their will over thousands of square miles and with populations probably running up into a few million. They built great
monuments, oversaw elaborate trade networks, and presided over rising standards of living, but remained preliterate.
That is bad news for historians. Even when archaeology reaches the highest standards possible, there are limits to what it can tell us.
Perhaps the human sacrifices excavated at Teotihuacán show that this was a more violent society than the Old World's ancient empires,
but since Romans did flock to watch gladiators hack each other to pieces (plenty of their dismembered bodies have been dug up),
perhaps not. The sixty bodies found buried in a royal tomb of the Andean kingdom of Wari around A.D. 800 – long after Old World empires
had given up such practices – might also point to higher levels of violence in the New World than in the Old, but when we get right down to
it, the evidence is just not good enough for systematic comparisons. What we really need is a historian from these New World states who
would tell us what was going on.
Yet the fact that we do not have one, and almost certainly never will, is revealing in itself. There seems to be a general rule that thestronger a powerful society becomes, the more evidence it leaves for historians and archaeologists, because great governments need to
build a lot of things and write down even more. The absence of writing probably means that New World societies were not governing at
the kind of level that made writing indispensable – which probably also means that they never got anywhere close to the Romans.
Q 39
What is this passage about?
1) The stable and prosperous societies of the Western world
2) The major New World cultures of the distant past
3) Ancient civilizations of the Old World and the New
4) Large, powerful societies in the ancient world
Q 40
What does the phrase 'beat swords into ploughshares' mean in the context of this passage?
1) Move away from an active lifestyle to a passive one
2) Participate in an extreme war that destroys the land
3) Turn away from war to a life of productive peace
4) Make a great effort to curb violence
Q 41
Which of the following is not true about the ancient New World societies mentioned in this passage?
1)
The ancient New World societies may have been more violent than their Old World counterparts, but there is not enough
evidence to prove this conclusively.
2)
Literacy appeared in the New World in the time of the Moche culture in Peru and the city-states of Monte Albán and
Teotihuacán in Mexico.
3) Though there were large and powerful societies in the ancient New World, they were not as great as the ancient Romans.
4) In the New World, powerful states first appeared in what is now Peru and Mexico.
Q42
Why, according to the author, do we need a historian from ancient New World states?
Why, according to the author, do we need a historian from ancient New World states?
1) To demonstrate that the ancient New World societies were rich and powerful
2) To enable us to compare the ancient New World to the Roman Empire
3) To tell us about the levels of violence in the ancient New World
4) To explain why human sacrifices were carried out in the ancient New World
Question: 43
Read the short passage given below and answer the question that follows.
The phrase 'science and technology' presumes an inseparability that may not be as secure as we think. There can be science without
technology, and there can be technology without science. Pure mathematics is one example – from the Pythagoreans to Japanese temple
geometry – of a science flourishing without technology. Imperial China developed sophisticated technologies while neglecting science. It is
all too easy to imagine a society that embraces technology but represses science, until only technology remains.
Which of the following can be inferred from the above paragraph?
1) Though, in the past, science and technology have gone hand-in-hand, this happy union may not continue forever.
2) That science is often linked with technology does not mean that technology will always bring us science.
3) It is imperative that the importance of technology not be made light of in the favour of science.
4) Science is vital for the functioning of society, but it is possible that technology can be done away with.
Q44
Read the short passage given below and answer the question that follows.
In 1950, two-thirds of humans still lived rurally. Today, more than half live in cities. Urban dwellers tend to have fewer children. In fact,
humanity's population growth rate has finally slowed. But that doesn't mean that urbanization has solved the world's overpopulation
problem.
Which of the following, if true, best explains why overpopulation is still a problem, despite the slowing of the growth rate?
1) Urban dwellers require massive amounts of food which only the rural dwellers can produce.
2) The rate at which the population grows has slowed, but the population has not stopped growing.
3) Since urban dwellers have fewer children, this has in fact led to a shortage in manpower in highly urbanized societies.
4) In the least developed countries in the world, most people still live in rural areas
Question: 45
Read the short passage given below and answer the question that follows.
The bigger an animal's brain, the greater its intelligence. You may think the connection is obvious. Just look at the evolutionary lineage of
human beings: humans have bigger brains – and are cleverer – than chimpanzees, and chimpanzees have bigger brains – and are
cleverer – than monkeys. Yet, I believe that this idea is wrong. For instance, there are nonhuman animals, such as honey bees or parrots,
that can emulate many feats of human intelligence with brains that are only a millionth (bee) or a thousandth (parrot) the size of a
human's.
Which of the following, if true, most supports the author's argument?
1Ancient human lineages, such as the Neanderthals, used to have larger brains than modern humans, though the former
were no smarter than the latter.
2) Human beings may be cleverer than chimpanzees, but there are things that chimpanzees can do that humans cannot.
3) Whales – which possess the largest brains among animals – are known to be particularly intelligent.
4) Honey bees or parrots can emulate some aspects of human intelligence, but far from all.
Question: 46
Read the short passage given below and answer the question that follows.
In the arts and the entertainment spheres, machines that can think are often depicted as simulacra of humans, sometimes down to the
shape of the body and its parts, and their behaviour suggests that their thoughts are much like our own. But thinking does not have to
follow human rules or patterns to count as thinking. Examples of this fact now abound: chess computers outthink humans not because
they think the way humans think about chess but better, but because they think in an entirely different way.
Which of the following options provides the best example of the point the author is trying to make?
In popular entertainment, robots or computers are often depicted as feeling human emotions such as curiosity, worry or
guilt, though there is no reason why machines would be capable of such emotions.
2)
Computers are capable of feats of memory and calculation that are far beyond human capabilities, yet they are also unable
to do certain things that all ordinary humans, even children, can.
3)
Some researchers in artificial intelligence propose that truly intelligent machines will be possible only when their cognitive
systems are built to imitate those of human beings.
4)
Computers can do useful language translation without much knowledge of grammar, though humans require grammatical
understanding in order to use language in any way
The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.
Water is a special chemical. It is, as far as we know, one of the two main prerequisites for life (the other being carbon). There is some
uncertainty here, because there are other liquids forming oceans on planets in our solar system. But they do not seem to have anything
like water's unique mixture of qualities.
There is the shape of the molecule, for a start. Instead of its three component atoms being in a straight line, with the hydrogen atoms
simply on either side of an oxygen atom in the centre, the molecule instead is triangular in outline, with an angle of a little less than 105
degrees between the two hydrogen-oxygen bonds. The oxygen 'apex' of the molecule has a relative negative charge, and the side with
the hydrogen atoms a positive one. This asymmetry (or polarity) of charge is one of the key factors that help to explain a number of
water's literally life-giving properties. For instance, the positive end of one water molecule is attracted to the negative end of another, and
this shared attraction, termed hydrogen bonding, helps explain why water is liquid over a relatively large (and a relatively low, for its size)
temperature range. It is also a factor in the high surface tension of water, which gives surface water a 'skin' that organisms such as pond
skaters can run across, and its strong capillary action (that makes it 'climb' up a narrow glass tube).
Crucially for life, the polarized electrical charge of a water molecule is also a key factor in water's remarkable properties as a solvent.
When a substance that is made of ions of different charges is brought into contact with liquid water, the negative ends of the water
molecules surround the positive ions and vice versa, forcing them apart and keeping them surrounded by the (relatively small) water
molecules. Not everything dissolves in water (think of oils and fats) but many substances do, to a greater or lesser extent – not least the
kind of molecules, such as proteins and sugars, that are biologically important. Water bodies, hence, are chemical cauldrons of such
diversity and complexity that they can act, and have acted, as incubators of life.
Another feature of water is that, unlike most substances, it expands slightly when it freezes, through a quirk of the hydrogen bonding
between water molecules. As a result, ice is less dense than cold water and floats on the liquid water surface. This means that deep
oceans can exist beneath layers of ice on Earth and on other planetary bodies.
Imagine for a moment if the converse were true: oceans would fill with ice from the bottom up, and thick masses of ice would likely
therefore fill most ocean basins to press down on the sea floor. Such ice would be screened from the Sun's warmth by the water above: it
might melt very slowly from the bottom up, due to geothermal heat, the liquid produced then trying to escape upwards through the
massive bulk of ice. Perhaps life could exist in such circumstances – but there would be little chance of the likes of swarms of fish or coral
reefs. Such a world would seem to be fit only for the toughest of microbes, not for the extraordinary diversity of complex life that we have
beneath the waters on Earth.
Q47
Pick a suitable title for this passage.
1) None of the above
2) The Special Properties of Water
3) Water: The Stuff of Life
4) Water: A Unique Solvent
Q 48
Which of the following is not one of the properties of water discussed in this passage?
1) Its chemical composition
2) Its molecular structure
3) Its surface tension
4) Its boiling point
Question: 49
The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.
Which of the following can be inferred from this passage?
1) Oceans filled with water are unlikely to be found on any planet other than Earth.
2) Oceans do not freeze completely because they are heated from the bottom up by geothermal heat.
3) Water is liquid over a narrow temperature range due to the shared attraction among its molecules.
4) Life arose on Earth at least partially thanks to the unique properties of water.
Question: 50
The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.
Based on the criteria mentioned in this passage, a hypothetical liquid would be as good a solvent as water or even better, if it had which of
the following properties?
1) If the electrical charge on its molecule was much less polarized than that of the water molecule
2) If the electrical charge on its molecule was even more polarized than that of the water molecule
3) If its density when solid was greater than its density when liquid
4) If its density when solid was less than its density when liquid
Question: 51
In the following question, there are sentences or parts of sentences that form a paragraph. Identify the sentence(s) or part(s) of
sentence(s) that is/are correct in terms of grammar and usage (including spelling, punctuation and logical consistency).
1) A & E
2) B, C & D
3) A, B & C
4) DE
Question: 52
In the following question, there are sentences or parts of sentences that form a paragraph. Identify the sentence(s) or part(s) of
sentence(s) that is/are correct in terms of grammar and usage (including spelling, punctuation and logical consistency). Enter in thebox
provided below the letters corresponding only to the correct sentences.
CE
BD
AD
AE
Question: 53
In the following question, there are sentences or parts of sentences that form a paragraph. Identify the sentence(s) or part(s) of
sentence(s) that is/are correct in terms of grammar and usage (including spelling, punctuation and logical consistency). Enter in thebox
provided below the letters corresponding only to the correct sentences
1) A & C
2) A, B, D & E
3) B & E
4) BCD
Q54
In the following question, there are sentences or parts of sentences that form a paragraph. Identify the sentence(s) or part(s) of
sentence(s) that is/are correct in terms of grammar and usage (including spelling, punctuation and logical consistency). Enter in thebox
provided below the letters corresponding only to the correct sentences.
1) C & D
2) B, C & E
3) A & E
4) B
The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.
If I were placed in the cockpit of a modern jet airliner, my inability to use the machines there would neither surprise nor bother me. But why
should I have trouble with ordinary devices such as doors and light switches, water faucets and stoves? 'Doors?' I can hear the reader
saying. 'You have trouble opening doors?' Yes. I push doors that are meant to be pulled, pull doors that should be pushed, and walk into
doors that neither pull nor push, but slide. Moreover, I see others having the same troubles – unnecessary troubles. How can such a
simple thing as a door be so confusing? The design of the door should indicate how to work it without any need for signs, certainly without
any need for trial and error.
This problem with doors illustrates what happens when design fails. Whether the device is a door or a stove, a mobile phone or a nuclear
power plant, the relevant components must be visible, and they must communicate the correct message: What actions are possible?
Where and how should they be done? With doors that push, the designer must provide signals that naturally indicate where to push.
These need not destroy the aesthetics. Put a vertical plate on the side to be pushed and a handle where it is to be pulled. These are
naturally interpreted signals, making it easy to know just what to do: no labels needed.
With complex devices, the aid of manuals or personal instruction may be required. We accept this if the device is indeed complex, but it
should be unnecessary for simple things. Many products defy understanding simply because they have too many functions and controls. I
don't think that simple home appliances – stoves, washing machines, television sets – should look like Hollywood's idea of a spaceship
control room. Faced with a bewildering array of controls and displays, we simply memorize one or two fixed settings to approximate what
is desired.
Machines are conceived, designed and constructed by people. By human standards, machines are pretty limited. They usually follow
rather simple, rigid rules of behaviour. If we get the rules wrong even slightly, the machine does what it is told, no matter how insensible
and illogical. People are imaginative and creative, filled with common sense – that is, a lot of valuable knowledge built up over years of
experience. But instead of capitalizing on these strengths, machines require us to be precise and accurate, things we are not very good at.
Moreover, many of the rules followed by a machine are known only to the machine and its designers.
When people fail to follow these bizarre, secret rules, and the machine does the wrong thing, its operators are blamed for not
understanding the machine, for not following its rigid specifications. With everyday objects, the result is frustration. With complex devices
and commercial and industrial processes, the resulting difficulties can lead to accidents, injuries and even deaths. It is time to reverse the
situation: to cast the blame upon the machines and their design. It is the duty of machines and those who design them to understand
people. It is not our duty to understand the arbitrary, meaningless dictates of machines.
Q 55
What is the author's attitude towards machines/devices?
1) He is indifferent to their practical uses and talks only about their design.
2) He believes that they must be designed well in order to be easier to use.
3) He thinks that they need to be simpler and easier to use.
4) He dislikes them and wishes people were less dependent on them.
Q 56
Why does the author have trouble opening doors?
1) He does not really have any trouble; he merely claims he does as a rhetorical ploy.
2) He is confused by the non-intuitive design of the doors, which gives no indication how the doors are to be opened.
3) He blames the designers of doors for not making it clear which way the doors are meant to be opened.
4) He does not understand that some doors are meant to be pushed and others pulled.
Q 57
Which of these would the author definitely agree with?
1 Machines should be our servants and not our slaves.
2) Designing useful machines involves a lot of creativity and imagination.
3) The design of machines fails to take advantage of humans' strengths.
4) It is up to the users of a machine to understand how it works.
Q 58
1 ) None of these
2 ) [i], [iii] and [iv]
3) [iii] and [iv]
4) [i] and [ii]
Question: 59
Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.
We cannot readily hold very large numbers in our minds. We can count tens readily enough, and have an adequate notion of what a few
hundreds might look like. Even trying to think of thousands introduces confusion – could we really tell whether a heap contains a thousand
pebbles, or three thousand? There is a game at every village fete that relies upon the ambiguity of numbers of this order. Usually it is
something like 'Guess the number of sweets in the jar'. The closest guess collects the prize. But glance down the list of guesses and you
can see how approximate is our vision of numbers even in their hundreds – there may be a three-fold difference in the estimate of the
number of sweets in a jar that can easily be held in both hands. If we become confused with a thousand or so, how do we appreciate a
million, let alone ten million, or a hundred million?
1)
We find it hard to imagine numbers larger than a thousand. This is demonstrated by the games in which we wrongly guess
that there are only a few hundred items in a jar.
2)
We cannot hold large numbers like millions or more in our heads. This can be seen by the fact that games which involve
guessing items in a jar use only a few hundred items.
3)
It is impossible to hold numbers any larger than a hundred in our minds, as can be seen in games in which we have to
guess how many hundreds of items there are in a jar.
4)
It is difficult for us to estimate large numbers, a fact demonstrated by games in which we have to guess the number of
items in a jar.
Question: 60
Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.
Rupert Baxter to be a guest in his home again! Lord Emsworth, frankly appalled, received this bad news with a sharp 'Eh, what? Oh, I say,
dash it!' He detested Baxter and had hoped never to be obliged to meet him again either in this world or the next. Until fairly recently, that
efficient young man had been Lord Emsworth's own secretary, and the Lord's attitude towards Baxter was a little like that of some
miraculously cured convalescent towards the hideous disease which has come within an ace of laying him low. It was true, of course, that
this time the frightful fellow would be infesting Lord Emsworth's home in the capacity of somebody else's employee, but he drew small
comfort from that. The mere thought of being under the same roof as Rupert Baxter was revolting to him
1)
Lord Emsworth disliked his secretary, Rupert Baxter, so he was glad that the latter would no longer be his employee and
live under his roof.
2)
Lord Emsworth was upset to learn that his former secretary, Rupert Baxter, whom he disliked intensely, would be a guest
in his home.
3)
Lord Emsworth did not want his secretary, Rupert Baxter, as a guest in his home, as he disliked him intensely and hoped
never to see him again.
4 Lord Emsworth's ex-secretary, Rupert Baxter, was coming for a visit to Lord Emsworth's home, though they both detested
each other.
Question: 61
Four alternative summaries are given below each text. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the text.
Engineers are trained to think logically. As a result, they come to believe that all people think this way, and they design their machines
accordingly. Moreover, they make the mistake of thinking that logical explanation is sufficient for understanding their machines: 'If only
people would read the instructions,' they say, 'everything would be all right.' When people have trouble with the machines, the engineers
are upset, but often for the wrong reason. 'What are these people doing?' they will wonder. 'Why are they doing that?' The problem with
the designs of most engineers is that they are too logical.
1)
Though engineers are trained to be logical, they have trouble designing logical machines, so people cannot understand
those machines, much to the engineers' chagrin.
2)
Engineers are trained to be logical, so they design logical machines, but then they cannot understand why this results in
people having trouble with understanding those machines.
3)
Engineers design logical machines, though they know that other people are not always logical, and that this results in
people having trouble understanding those machines.
4)
Engineers, unlike most people, are logical, but despite this, they cannot understand why people have trouble using the
machines they design
The passage given below is followed by a set of questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.
Prayers are commonly offered for sick people, both privately and in formal places of worship. In the nineteenth century, Francis Galton
was the first to analyse scientifically whether praying for people is efficacious. He noted that every Sunday, in churches throughout Britain,
entire congregations prayed publicly for the health of the royal family. Shouldn't they, therefore, be unusually fit, compared with the rest of
us, who are prayed for only by our nearest and dearest? Galton looked into it, and found no statistical difference. His intention may, in any
case, have been satirical, as also when he prayed over randomized plots of land to see if the plants would grow any faster (they didn't).
More recently, the physicist Russell Stannard threw his weight behind an initiative to test experimentally the proposition that praying for
sick patients improves their health. Such experiments, if done properly, have to be double blind, and this standard was strictly observed.
The patients were assigned, strictly at random, to an experimental group (received prayers) or a control group (received no prayers).
Neither the patients, nor their doctors or caregivers, nor the experimenters were allowed to know which patients were being prayed for and
which patients were controls. Those who did the experimental praying had to know the names of the individuals for whom they were
praying – otherwise, in what sense would they be praying for them rather than for somebody else? But care was taken to tell them only the
first name and initial letter of the surname. Apparently that would be enough to enable God to pinpoint the right hospital bed.
The very idea of doing such experiments is open to a generous measure of ridicule, and the project duly received it. Valiantly shouldering
aside all mockery, the team of researchers soldiered on, spending $2.4 million under the leadership of Dr Herbert Benson, a cardiologist
at the Mind/Body Medical Institute near Boston. Dr Benson and his team monitored 1,802 patients at six hospitals, all of whom received
coronary bypass surgery. The patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 received prayers and didn't know it. Group 2 (the control
group) received no prayers and didn't know it. Group 3 received prayers and did know it. The comparison between Groups 1 and 2 tests
for the efficacy of intercessory prayer. Group 3 tests for possible psychosomatic effects of knowing that one is being prayed for.
The results, reported in theAmerican Heart Journal, were clear-cut. There was no difference between those patients who were prayed for
and those who were not. What a surprise. There was a difference between those who knew they had been prayed for and those who did
not know one way or the other; but it went in the wrong direction. Those who knew they had been the beneficiaries of prayer suffered
significantly more complications than those who did not. Was God doing a bit of smiting, to show his disapproval of the whole silly
enterprise? It seems more probable that those patients who knew they were being prayed for suffered additional stress in consequence:
'performance anxiety', as the experimenters put it. It may have made them uncertain, wondering 'Am I so sick they had to call in their
prayer team?'
Q 62
What is the author's attitude towards the prayer experiment described in this passage
1) Neutral and objective
2) Sceptical and mocking
3) Fascinated yet dubious
4) Amused yet respectful
Q 63
What did Francis Galton try to investigate
1) Whether people's health was inversely proportional to the number of people who prayed for them
2) Whether people's health was directly proportional to the number of people who prayed for them
3) Whether knowing if someone was praying for them affected people's health
4) Whether knowing who was praying for them affected people's health
Q 64
Which of the following descriptions best fits this passage?
1 ) A scathing denunciation of the concept of prayer
2) A report on the ineffectiveness of prayer from a scientific standpoint
3) A tongue-in-cheek experiment showing the futility of prayer
4) A scientific study of the efficacy of prayer
Q 65
Which of the following can be inferred about the prayer experiment in this passage?
1) The patients in Group 3 were the only ones affected by the prayers.
2) The patients in the experiment had different kinds of heart disease.
3) The experimental protocols were not strictly followed.
4) The experiment was designed by Russell Stannard, a physicist.
Q 66
The sentences given in the question below when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a letter.
Enter in the box provided below the most logical order of sentences to construct a coherent paragraph.
1) DCEAB
2) DBACE
3) CABED
4) DECAB
Q67
The sentences given in the question below when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a letter.
1) BDACE
2) BECAD
3) BDAEC
4) BEDCA
Question: 68
The sentences given in the following question, when properly sequenced, form a coherent paragraph. Each sentence is labelled with a
letter. Choose the most logical order of sentences, from among the given choices, to construct a coherent paragraph
1) DBCAE
2) ECADB
3) DECAB
4) BEDAC
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