The geese that gather at the pond of a large corporation create a hazard for executives who use the corporate helicopter, whose landing site is 40 feet away from the pond. To solve the problem, the corporation plans to import a large number of herding dogs to keep the geese away from the helicopter. Which of the following, if a realistic possibility, would cast the most serious doubt on the prospects for success of the corporation's plan?
A. The dogs will form an uncontrollable pack.
B. The dogs will require training to learn to herd the geese.
C. The dogs will frighten away foxes that prey on old and sick geese.
D. It will be necessary to keep the dogs in quarantine for 30 days after importing them.
E. Some of the geese will move to the pond of another corporation in order to avoid being herded by the dogs
A - I think this is best - if this is true the plan will not work
B - Corporation will probably be OK with providing training
C - irrelevant as it talks about old and sick geese only
D - there is no mention of needing to solve the problem within the next 30 days so irrelevant
E - this would solve the problem of this corporation so why would they care if the geese move - this actually strengthens the argument
**
Net Neutrality stipulates that Internet service providers (ISP) cannot partition their bandwidth such that different types of Internet communications have different maximum bandwidth capacities. For example, an ISP cannot relegate high bandwidth voice-over-IP (VoIP) traffic to a separate tunnel in an attempt to ensure that users of low-bandwidth functions such as plain-text email are not slowed down by the high-bandwidth users. Some individuals support implementing Net Neutrality on the principle that one group (i.e., users of high-bandwidth services) should not be effectively penalized for the actions of another group (i.e., users of slow-bandwidth services, who have a special traffic lane carved out for them, thereby slowing high-bandwidth users).
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument of the supporters of Net Neutrality mentioned above?
A) The jobs of many high-bandwidth users require these individuals to use high-bandwidth services.
B) Placing no restrictions on the bandwidth of individuals who use high-bandwidth services would force ISPs to purchase massive amounts of expensive additional bandwidth, disproportionately increasing the price of access for low-bandwidth users.
C) A strong and well respected lobbying firm recently revealed it has been hired by large telecommunications firms to oppose Net Neutrality on the grounds that it infringes upon a private company's ability to do business.
D) One country that mandated Net Neutrality saw a decrease in satisfaction of Internet users.
E) A recent court ruling upheld the principle that technology companies cannot discriminate in whom they serve or how they serve users.
OA B A. The dogs will form an uncontrollable pack.
B. The dogs will require training to learn to herd the geese.
C. The dogs will frighten away foxes that prey on old and sick geese.
D. It will be necessary to keep the dogs in quarantine for 30 days after importing them.
E. Some of the geese will move to the pond of another corporation in order to avoid being herded by the dogs
A - I think this is best - if this is true the plan will not work
B - Corporation will probably be OK with providing training
C - irrelevant as it talks about old and sick geese only
D - there is no mention of needing to solve the problem within the next 30 days so irrelevant
E - this would solve the problem of this corporation so why would they care if the geese move - this actually strengthens the argument
**
Net Neutrality stipulates that Internet service providers (ISP) cannot partition their bandwidth such that different types of Internet communications have different maximum bandwidth capacities. For example, an ISP cannot relegate high bandwidth voice-over-IP (VoIP) traffic to a separate tunnel in an attempt to ensure that users of low-bandwidth functions such as plain-text email are not slowed down by the high-bandwidth users. Some individuals support implementing Net Neutrality on the principle that one group (i.e., users of high-bandwidth services) should not be effectively penalized for the actions of another group (i.e., users of slow-bandwidth services, who have a special traffic lane carved out for them, thereby slowing high-bandwidth users).
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the argument of the supporters of Net Neutrality mentioned above?
A) The jobs of many high-bandwidth users require these individuals to use high-bandwidth services.
B) Placing no restrictions on the bandwidth of individuals who use high-bandwidth services would force ISPs to purchase massive amounts of expensive additional bandwidth, disproportionately increasing the price of access for low-bandwidth users.
C) A strong and well respected lobbying firm recently revealed it has been hired by large telecommunications firms to oppose Net Neutrality on the grounds that it infringes upon a private company's ability to do business.
D) One country that mandated Net Neutrality saw a decrease in satisfaction of Internet users.
E) A recent court ruling upheld the principle that technology companies cannot discriminate in whom they serve or how they serve users.
OA - B
The Argument of Net Neutrality Supporters: No Net Neutrality means one group gets penalized for another group's choice (i.e., high-bandwidth users get relegated to another lane that becomes slower due to congestion).
Supporters of Net Neutrality referenced in the original argument base their position on the principle that one group should not be penalized by the actions of another group. If this principle can be shown to give reason to oppose Net Neutrality, the argument in support of Net Neutrality mentioned above will be weakened. Note that it is not enough to weaken the overall argument in support of Net Neutrality—we must weaken "the argument of the supporters of Net Neutrality mentioned above."
A This answer does not undermine the fact that one group is being penalized for the actions of another group nor does it show how the argument is flawed. Simply because one group is required to use high-bandwidth services does not mean they (or another group) are being penalized for this requirement.
BThis answer uses the principle that supporters of Net Neutrality used and shows how the principle can also be used to argue against Net Neutrality, thereby seriously weakening the supporters' argument. The cost of purchasing additional and expensive bandwidth will be passed on to low-bandwidth customers, "disproportionately increasing the price of access for low-bandwidth users." In other words, the actions of one group (high bandwidth users benefiting from Net Neutrality) will harm another group (low bandwidth users who carry a disproportionate burden of the cost of Net Neutrality).
CThis answer may strengthen the overall public support for Net Neutrality (i.e., it is opposed by lobbyists paid for by big telecommunications firms). This answer does not weaken the argument mentioned above since that argument is based upon one group suffering for the actions of another.
D Although this answer weakens the overall argument in support of Net Neutrality, it does not weaken the argument mentioned above since that argument is based upon one group suffering for the actions of another while the argument in this answer choice is based upon satisfaction among Internet users.
E This answer actually strengthens not weakens the argument in favor of implementing Net Neutrality.
3
,A computer equipped with signature-recognition
software, which restricts access to a computer to
those people whose signatures are on file, identifies a
person’s signature by analyzing not only the form of
the signature but also such characteristics as pen
pressure and signing speed. Even the most adept
forgers cannot duplicate all of the characteristics the
program analyzes.
Which of the following can be logically concluded
from the passage above?
(A) The time it takes to record and analyze a signature
makes the software impractical for everyday use.
(B) Computers equipped with the software will soon
be installed in most banks.
(C) Nobody can gain access to a computer equipped
with the software solely by virtue of skill at
forging signatures.
(D) Signature-recognition software has taken many
years to develop and perfect.
(E) In many cases even authorized users are denied
legitimate access to computers equipped with
the software.
Studies have shown that elderly people who practice a religion are much more likely to die immediately after an important religious holiday period than immediately before one. Researchers have concluded that the will to live can prolong life, at least for short periods of time.
Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the researchers conclusion?
(A) Elderly people who practice a religion are less likely to die immediately before or during an important religious holiday than at any other time of the year.
(B) Elderly people who practice a religion appear to experience less anxiety at the prospect of dying than do other people.
(C) Some elderly people who do practice a religion live much longer than most elderly people who do not.
(D) Most elderly people who participate in religious holidays have different reasons for participating than young people do.
(E) Many religions have important holidays in the spring and fall, seasons with the lowest death rates for elderly people.
Rheumatic fever is the most serious complication of streptococcal infection, but rheumatic fever is not itself an infection. Rheumatic fever occurs only when, in defending against streptococcal infection, the body's immunological system produces antibodies that also attack the cells of the heart and kidneys.
Which of the following, if true, would contribute most to an explanation of why only streptococcal bacteria give rise to rheumatic fever?
A) Only certain strains of streptococcal bacteria are associated with rheumatic fever.
B) The antibodies that the body produces to control a streptococcal infection can attack cells of the mucous membranes
C) Antibiotics have not proved as effective against streptococcal infections as they have against some other bacterial infections.
D) Streptococcal bacteria are the only bacteria that are structurally similar to the cells of the body attacked in the rheumatic fever.
E) Rheumatic fever can be misdiagnosed if it is not preceded by a serious streptococcal infection.
Rheumatic fever is the most serious complication of streptococcal infection, but rheumatic fever is not itself an infection. Rheumatic fever occurs only when, in defending against streptococcal infection, the body's immunological system produces antibodies that also attack the cells of the heart and kidneys.
Rheumatic fever is a condition that occurs ONLY when antibodies attack streptococcal bacteria AS WELL AS the cells of such vital organs as heart and kidney.
Which of the following, if true, would contribute most to an explanation of why ONLY streptococcal bacteria give rise to rheumatic fever?
We need to seek a reason WHY ONLY strep causes rheumatic fever?
A) Only certain strains of streptococcal bacteria are associated with rheumatic fever.
It is not giving us the reason. It is giving us an extra irrelevant information whether all or only certain strains of strep cause rheumatic fever. Irrelevant.
B) The antibodies that the body produces to control a streptococcal infection can attack cells of the mucous membranes.
Introduces an extra information- mucus membrane- about which we know nothing. No correlation or even the word is mentioned in the passage. How are we suppose to infer anything out of this. Out of scope.
C) Antibiotics have not proved as effective against streptococcal infections as they have against some other bacterial infections.
This is somewhat relevant. However, this explains why rheumatic fever is caused, citing that there is no effective antibiotic for strep, but we need to know why ONLY strep causes rheumatic fever. There is a subtle difference.
D) Streptococcal bacteria are the only bacteria that are structurally similar to the cells of the body attacked in the rheumatic fever.
This is a strong contender and is the answer. It tells us that the enemy(Streptococcal bacteria) is similar in appearance to the cells that form heart and kidney. We can infer that the antibodies are not able to distinguish between the Strep bacteria AND the heart's cell, and they attack both heart cells & bacteria, causing Rheumatic fever. Correct.
E) Rheumatic fever can be misdiagnosed if it is not preceded by a serious streptococcal infection.
This is again giving us a correct but irrelevant info. We're not at all concerned with the diagnosis or misdiagnosis of Rheumatic Fever.
Football is not a very popular sport in the U.S. To make more people like the game and watch it on TV (and therefore bringing in more money from commercial ads), the football association proposed several changes to make the game more active and attractive. One of the suggestions is to grow grass on the football fields that would be water resistant on the surface. This will make the game run smoother, as often times football players slide on wet grass and therefore lose the ball.
Which of the following is a better suggestion, the one that will make the game more financially attractive to football clubs and investors in the U.S. and other parts of the world?
a. Building stadiums with roofs that cover 100% of the stadium is considerably cheaper than using water resistant grass in U.S.
b. Football games should be advertised more on TV in order to attract such audiences that never watched football before. This is an unsure solution, as the ROI in this case is doubtful.
c. U.S. needs to attract more foreign players to make the games more attractive by offering them such benefits that they cannot refuse.
d. Research shows that planting water resistant grass is very ineffective as it increases the costs of running a stadium and would not enable football stadium owners make much profit off the sales of the tickets. Therefore, investors should invest more in the football players' shoes to make them run smooth on wet surfaces.
e. Football should cease to exist and more money needs to be channelled in other sports, like baseball and american football. More investments into popular sports will bring in more profit off the sports.
a. mentions a cheaper way, but does it solve the problem? we do not have all the information to properly conclude this one is the best option.
b. the statement says that 'this is an unsure solution'. it is automatically false. again, should there be more concrete data, we could possibly pick this one.
c. besides being a Godfather approach, we do not know about the value of those offers. building new roofs might be cheaper and a better solution, for example.
d. says the proposal with new kind of grass is inefficient and explains why. then, deals with the problem from another angle. plus, this option answers 'and the other parts of the world' part of the question.
e. obviously there just to take your attention off the main issue.
Premise: religious elderly people die less before or during religious holiday.
Assumption: they didn't die before or during the holiday because of their will to live
Conclusion: will to live can prolong life
(A) Elderly people who practice a religion are less likely to die immediately before or during an important religious holiday than at any other time of the year.
Additional evidence: death probability for religious elderly people is less for the period before or during religious holiday that for any other time of the year (not only for the period after the holiday). This evidence strengthens premise -> strengthens the conclusion.
(B) Elderly people who practice a religion appear to experience less anxiety at the prospect of dying than do other people. (Anxiety is not necessary connected to the ability to prolong life.)
(C) Some elderly people who do practice a religion live much longer than most elderly people who do not. (this is true only for 'some' people. However, it is not enough to make a generalization.)
(D) Most elderly people who participate in religious holidays have different reasons for participating than young people do. (The reasons for participating in holidays are not connected either to the ability to prolong life or to the will to live)
(E) Many religions have important holidays in the spring and fall, seasons with the lowest death rates for elderly people. (This in fact weakens the conclusion, since it provides alternative explanation: death rates in spring and fall may be lower for another reason)
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