RC 1 OCT 27

Carl Jung postulated the existence of two layers of unconsciousness:
the personal, relatively superficial level which contains material
derived from individual experience, and a deeper level, the collective
unconscious: the receptacle of universal, archetypal symbols which are
thought to have the same characteristics everywhere, in all
individuals and cultures. These symbols have their roots in the
infancy of the human race, rather than in the infancy of the
individual, and Jung's theory is implicitly critical of the reductive
monotony of Freudian dream interpretation which is limited to
discovering the repressed wish that the dream is assumed to fulfil.
Jung believed that important parallels could be drawn between ancient
mythology and the thinking that was analogous and found in primitive
religion, dreams and the thought processes of childhood.



Borrowing a phrase from Bukchardt, he described archetypes as
primordial images which have imprinted themselves on the human mind
over the millennia but which are modified by the specific
circumstances of the period in which they manifest themselves. Among
the key archetypes to be identified were: the persona, the mask we are
required to wear in order to make ourselves acceptable to other
people; the anima, or female side of the male psyche, and animus, the
male side of the female psyche and the shadow, or animal side of the
psyche, which bears some resemblance to Freud's concept of the id and
the self.



These fundamental archetypes may be symbolized in a variety of ways.
For instance, the philosopher's stone, or lapis, was a particularly
potent symbol of selfhood. In Jung's view, the dilemma in which modern
humanity finds itself is caused by the neglect of psychic reality, and
that to escape from this dilemma we must return to the unconscious, to
learn or perhaps to re-learn the symbolic language of the soul.



This point seems to be of considerable social (and clinical)
relevance. The individual, whose personality is too rigid, will
function in a superficial, inflexible way whereas someone with an
undeveloped personality may seem hostile or lacking in social skills;
if the shadow, or primitive aspect of the personality is
over-controlled it may erupt in violent, unpredictable ways. The man
who is out of touch with his anima will have problems with nurturing
and intimacy; the woman who is out of touch with her animus may be
passive and unassertive; the person who is unaware of his self as an
organizing principle will confront conflicting emotions and remain
disintegrated. All these situations can contribute to psychological
ill-health, as well as to the general malaise that, Jung believed, is
a characteristic of our times.


1

What is Jung's solution for escaping from the dilemma that modern
humanity finds itself in?

1Humanity must realize the neglect of psychic reality.
2 Humanity must return to the unconscious and maybe re-learn languages.
3Humanity must learn the symbolic language of the soul by returning to
the unconscious.
4 Humanity must discard the beliefs of other psychologists such as Freud.
2




According to Jung, the capacity of Freudian theory of dream interpretation is:

expansive.
lopsided.
monotonous.
limited.

3


The following sentence from the passage has a deliberate error in it.
Select the option that would best replace the underlined portion.

Jung believed that important parallels could be drawn between
[[[ancient mythology and the thinking that was analogous and found in
primitive religion, dreams and the thought processes of childhood.]]]


ancient mythology as well as analogous thinking found in primitive
religion, dreams and the thought processes of childhood.
ancient mythology or analogous thinking found in primitive religion
and dreams and the thought processes of childhood.
ancient mythology and the analogous thinking in primitive religion,
dreams as well as the thought processes of childhood.
ancient mythology in analogous thinking found in primitive religion
and the dreams with the thought processes of childhood.

4

.

Consider the following.

A. A friendly person during society parties; a loner at home

B. A loving father

C. An assertive housewife

D. Anger at being pushed in a queue

Which of the following archetypes conform to the description above?


Persona, Animus, Anima, Self
Persona, Anima, Animus, Shadow
Self, Persona, Animus, Animus
Persona, Shadow, Anima, Animus