1 E
If students not from Markland accounted for 66% (2/3) and were paying for exmpl 100,000 in total for tuition and now they account for 40% and pay the same amount of money than tuition was supposed to increase.
66 people were paying 100,000 and now 40 people are paying the same amount of money...
2 OA D
66 people were paying 100,000 and now 40 people are paying the same amount of money...
2 OA D
P1] Traces of cultivated emmer wheat have been found among the earliest agricultural remains of many archaeological sites in Europe and Asia.
[P2] The only place where the wild form of emmer wheat has been found growing is a relatively narrow strip of southwest Asia.
Since the oldest remains of cultivated emmer wheat yet found are from village sites in the same narrow strip, it is clear that
emmer wheat was first domesticated somewhere in that strip.
Based upon the location of the two varieties of emmer wheat ,cultivated and wild, its concluded that EW was domesticated in the mentioned location.
Assumption is that this is not a mere coincidence and that no new factor, which can make the land more futile for EW, has been introduced since then, in the area.
Any option that rules out the factors that could put the underlying assumption in doubt will strengthen the conclusion.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A. The present-day distribution of another wild wheat, einkorn, which was also domesticated early in the development of agriculture, covers a much larger area of southwest Asia.
>>Not relevant.
B. Modern experiments show that wild emmer wheat can easily be domesticated so as to yield nearly as well as traditionally domestic strains.
>>In a way it may weaken the arg.
C. At the time when emmer wheat was first cultivated, it was the most nutritious of all the varieties of grain that were then cultivated.
>>Not relevant.
D. In the region containing the strip where wild emmer wheat has been found, climatic conditions have changed very little since before the development of agriculture.
>> Correct. This confirm that one of factor ,"Climate", has changed little and hence condition required for EW before and now are almost same
E. It is very difficult, without genetic testing, to differentiate the wild form of emmer wheat from a closely related wild wheat that also grows in southwest Asia.
>>Its difficult not impossible.Also it doesnt help much in strengthening the fact.
[P2] The only place where the wild form of emmer wheat has been found growing is a relatively narrow strip of southwest Asia.
Since the oldest remains of cultivated emmer wheat yet found are from village sites in the same narrow strip, it is clear that
emmer wheat was first domesticated somewhere in that strip.
Based upon the location of the two varieties of emmer wheat ,cultivated and wild, its concluded that EW was domesticated in the mentioned location.
Assumption is that this is not a mere coincidence and that no new factor, which can make the land more futile for EW, has been introduced since then, in the area.
Any option that rules out the factors that could put the underlying assumption in doubt will strengthen the conclusion.
Which of the following, if true, most strengthens the argument?
A. The present-day distribution of another wild wheat, einkorn, which was also domesticated early in the development of agriculture, covers a much larger area of southwest Asia.
>>Not relevant.
B. Modern experiments show that wild emmer wheat can easily be domesticated so as to yield nearly as well as traditionally domestic strains.
>>In a way it may weaken the arg.
C. At the time when emmer wheat was first cultivated, it was the most nutritious of all the varieties of grain that were then cultivated.
>>Not relevant.
D. In the region containing the strip where wild emmer wheat has been found, climatic conditions have changed very little since before the development of agriculture.
>> Correct. This confirm that one of factor ,"Climate", has changed little and hence condition required for EW before and now are almost same
E. It is very difficult, without genetic testing, to differentiate the wild form of emmer wheat from a closely related wild wheat that also grows in southwest Asia.
>>Its difficult not impossible.Also it doesnt help much in strengthening the fact.
3 E
Despite having some advantages the HB Tele has the following 2 disadvantages -
1. Difficulty in repairing the telescope
2. Difficulty in Manevering ( since it requires fuel - Which is exhasutible )
Advisor claims - To equip ISS with robotic spacecraft to repair the HBT at much lower cost than sending craft from earth.
Which of the following, if true, is NOT a serious weakness of the space agency advisor's plan?
There will be 4 options having serious weakness of the advisors plan.
While in flight, the robotic spacecraft are roughly as likely to break down and require repairs as the Hubble, and they are not capable of repairing each other. - If the robotic spacecraft is itself prone to break down how can it repait the HBT.
The robotic spacecraft will themselves need fuel and will require fuel to be sent from Earth at a total cost comparable to that of launching repair craft from Earth.- If the robotic spacecraft itself depends on supplies from earth and the cost is same then what is the use in employing it.
The robotic spacecraft proposed by the advisor will incur significant design costs not incurred by a repair craft launched from earth, which already exists. - If the cost associated with robotic spacecraft is almost similiar to that of the spacecraft then why should we need it.
To be effective, the proposed robotic spacecraft may require human maintenance on the International Space Station when all astronauts aboard are committed to other uses of their time. - If the spacecraft itself requires maintenance on ISS then it might be of no use.
The robotic spacecraft will not have the capability to refuel the Hubble. - This statement tells us that the robotic craft can not refuel the HBT, however it remains silent about the repairing aspect.
E neither strengthens nor weakens the advisors proposed idea, it simple states that the Robotic craft can not refuel the HBT and remains silent on the repairing aspect.
Hence E since it neither strengthens nor weakens the advisors plan.
1. Difficulty in repairing the telescope
2. Difficulty in Manevering ( since it requires fuel - Which is exhasutible )
Advisor claims - To equip ISS with robotic spacecraft to repair the HBT at much lower cost than sending craft from earth.
Which of the following, if true, is NOT a serious weakness of the space agency advisor's plan?
There will be 4 options having serious weakness of the advisors plan.
While in flight, the robotic spacecraft are roughly as likely to break down and require repairs as the Hubble, and they are not capable of repairing each other. - If the robotic spacecraft is itself prone to break down how can it repait the HBT.
The robotic spacecraft will themselves need fuel and will require fuel to be sent from Earth at a total cost comparable to that of launching repair craft from Earth.- If the robotic spacecraft itself depends on supplies from earth and the cost is same then what is the use in employing it.
The robotic spacecraft proposed by the advisor will incur significant design costs not incurred by a repair craft launched from earth, which already exists. - If the cost associated with robotic spacecraft is almost similiar to that of the spacecraft then why should we need it.
To be effective, the proposed robotic spacecraft may require human maintenance on the International Space Station when all astronauts aboard are committed to other uses of their time. - If the spacecraft itself requires maintenance on ISS then it might be of no use.
The robotic spacecraft will not have the capability to refuel the Hubble. - This statement tells us that the robotic craft can not refuel the HBT, however it remains silent about the repairing aspect.
E neither strengthens nor weakens the advisors proposed idea, it simple states that the Robotic craft can not refuel the HBT and remains silent on the repairing aspect.
Hence E since it neither strengthens nor weakens the advisors plan.
4E
(A) At least one of the shipments sent to Covert Location #1 last week was specially ordered.
WRONG: Total six were sent to Location#1 out of which three contained Granola water. Rest three could contain anything other than specially ordered shipments that was sent last week .
(B) At least one of last week's specially ordered shipments did not consist of granola bars and water.
WRONG: Not Sure. Nothing can be inferred about the contents of the specially ordered shipments from the information given in passage.
(C) At least one of the shipments sent to Covert Location #1 was not sent out on Monday of last week.
WRONG: Since we do not know contents of rest of three shipments sent to Loc#1 and that of shipments sent on Monday, we can not correlate these two shipments.
(D) At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Covert Location #1
WRONG: As we do not have information about the shipments sent throughout the week and those sent on Monday, we can not be sure whether the shipments sent on Friday were sent to Loc#1 or somewhere else as shipments sent to Loc#1 could have been sent on some other day.
(E) At least one of the shipments sent to Covert Location #1 last week was sent out before Friday.
CORRECT: As all the shipments sent on FRIDAY contained Granola bars and water and three of the shipments received at Loc#1 were not Granola bars and water, they must have been received on some other day.
WRONG: Total six were sent to Location#1 out of which three contained Granola water. Rest three could contain anything other than specially ordered shipments that was sent last week .
(B) At least one of last week's specially ordered shipments did not consist of granola bars and water.
WRONG: Not Sure. Nothing can be inferred about the contents of the specially ordered shipments from the information given in passage.
(C) At least one of the shipments sent to Covert Location #1 was not sent out on Monday of last week.
WRONG: Since we do not know contents of rest of three shipments sent to Loc#1 and that of shipments sent on Monday, we can not correlate these two shipments.
(D) At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Covert Location #1
WRONG: As we do not have information about the shipments sent throughout the week and those sent on Monday, we can not be sure whether the shipments sent on Friday were sent to Loc#1 or somewhere else as shipments sent to Loc#1 could have been sent on some other day.
(E) At least one of the shipments sent to Covert Location #1 last week was sent out before Friday.
CORRECT: As all the shipments sent on FRIDAY contained Granola bars and water and three of the shipments received at Loc#1 were not Granola bars and water, they must have been received on some other day.
ANALYZE THE STIMULUS:
Fact 1: Each week, the Department of Defense sends food packages to its Navy Seals
Fact 2: On last Monday, ten shipments sent out were special ordered (SO)
Fact 3: On last Friday, all shipments sent out were granola bars and water (G&W)
Fact 4: No shipments sent out on weekend.
Fact 5: Nay seals received six shipments which included only three G&W
From the stimulus, we can deduce some notes:
Note #1: From fact 5, Navy seals received at least two types of shipments – G&W shipment and Special ordered shipment.
Note #2: The stimulus does NOT say Navy seals received ONLY G&W shipments and special shipments. They may receive OTHER type of shipment.
Note #3: Special ordered shipments MAY consist some G&W shipments.
ANALYZE EACH ANSWER:
(A) At least one of the shipments sent to Covert Location #1 last week was specially ordered.
Wrong. From note 3: Probably, Navy seals received granola bars & water shipments and OTHER type of shipment which was not special ordered.
(B) At least one of last week's specially ordered shipments did not consist of granola bars and water.
Wrong. We do not information that special ordered shipments consist of granola bars & water or not.
(C) At least one of the shipments sent to Covert Location #1 was not sent out on Monday of last week.
Wrong. Probably, the remain three shipments were special ordered shipments which were sent out on Monday.
(D) At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Covert Location #1
Wrong. TEMPTING. Probably, some of special ordered shipments consisted of Granola bars & water. Thus, we cannot assume that G&W shipments ONLY sent out on Friday.
(E) At least one of the shipments sent to Covert Location #1 last week was sent out before Friday.
Correct. ALWAYS TRUE.
(1) If shipments sent out on days other than Friday, Monday for example, did NOT consist any G&W shipment. ==> Navy seals must receive shipments sent out on Friday and other day (Because six shipments consisted two different types shipments) . Hence, E is correct.
(2) If shipments sent out on days other than Friday, Monday for example, consisted some G&W shipments ==> Navy seals should receive at least one shipment sent out before Friday (because six shipments consisted two different types shipments). Hence, E is still correct.
Fact 1: Each week, the Department of Defense sends food packages to its Navy Seals
Fact 2: On last Monday, ten shipments sent out were special ordered (SO)
Fact 3: On last Friday, all shipments sent out were granola bars and water (G&W)
Fact 4: No shipments sent out on weekend.
Fact 5: Nay seals received six shipments which included only three G&W
From the stimulus, we can deduce some notes:
Note #1: From fact 5, Navy seals received at least two types of shipments – G&W shipment and Special ordered shipment.
Note #2: The stimulus does NOT say Navy seals received ONLY G&W shipments and special shipments. They may receive OTHER type of shipment.
Note #3: Special ordered shipments MAY consist some G&W shipments.
ANALYZE EACH ANSWER:
(A) At least one of the shipments sent to Covert Location #1 last week was specially ordered.
Wrong. From note 3: Probably, Navy seals received granola bars & water shipments and OTHER type of shipment which was not special ordered.
(B) At least one of last week's specially ordered shipments did not consist of granola bars and water.
Wrong. We do not information that special ordered shipments consist of granola bars & water or not.
(C) At least one of the shipments sent to Covert Location #1 was not sent out on Monday of last week.
Wrong. Probably, the remain three shipments were special ordered shipments which were sent out on Monday.
(D) At least one of the shipments that were sent out on Friday of last week was sent to Covert Location #1
Wrong. TEMPTING. Probably, some of special ordered shipments consisted of Granola bars & water. Thus, we cannot assume that G&W shipments ONLY sent out on Friday.
(E) At least one of the shipments sent to Covert Location #1 last week was sent out before Friday.
Correct. ALWAYS TRUE.
(1) If shipments sent out on days other than Friday, Monday for example, did NOT consist any G&W shipment. ==> Navy seals must receive shipments sent out on Friday and other day (Because six shipments consisted two different types shipments) . Hence, E is correct.
(2) If shipments sent out on days other than Friday, Monday for example, consisted some G&W shipments ==> Navy seals should receive at least one shipment sent out before Friday (because six shipments consisted two different types shipments). Hence, E is still correct.
5
Internal professional sound processing boards offer sound engineers and other professionals in the recording business a hardware solution that can perform sound processing at much higher speeds than that provided by standard sound processing boards, as they are better integrated with other parts of the computer. Since the market is flooded with internal sound processors, the Axioforma company is developing a strategy to create an external sound processing board for professionals that will allow the users to access various controls that adjust the processor's input and output parameters directly. This formation will allow Axioforma to design a product that is aesthetically attractive, a serious advantage over the products that operate from within a computer only.
The financial success of Axioforma's strategy relies on which of the following assumptions?
A) A sound processing product that would allow users to directly adjust only the input parameters would be more desirable to sound professionals than one that would allow users to directly adjust only the output parameters.
B) The professional sound processor market has grown in comparison to its position at the end of the last financial year.
C) The high speed at which audio information is relayed by professional sound processing boards thanks to their proximity to other computer components is not as important as the potential of direct adjustment of components.
D) In the consumer electronics market, factors of functionality, depending on product, but often including ease-of-use, robustness, and compatibility with other products, are considered inessential when compared to aesthetics.
E) The employees in Axioforma's product design department are the most experienced and creative in their field.
The financial success of Axioforma's strategy relies on which of the following assumptions?
A) A sound processing product that would allow users to directly adjust only the input parameters would be more desirable to sound professionals than one that would allow users to directly adjust only the output parameters.
B) The professional sound processor market has grown in comparison to its position at the end of the last financial year.
C) The high speed at which audio information is relayed by professional sound processing boards thanks to their proximity to other computer components is not as important as the potential of direct adjustment of components.
D) In the consumer electronics market, factors of functionality, depending on product, but often including ease-of-use, robustness, and compatibility with other products, are considered inessential when compared to aesthetics.
E) The employees in Axioforma's product design department are the most experienced and creative in their field.
5 -C
Conclusion: The company is creating External sound boxes which will allow access to various controls that adjust the input and output.
The company claims because of the flooding of the market that the product will be a success as earlier product could operate only within the computer.
A) A sound processing product that would allow users to directly adjust only the input parameters would be more desirable to sound professionals than one that would allow users to directly adjust only the output parameters. ---Doesn't differentiate the external sound system's ability to adjust input and output.
B) The professional sound processor market has grown in comparison to its position at the end of the last financial year. --> If the market grew it will not help solve the idea external will be preferable.
C) The high speed at which audio information is relayed by professional sound processing boards thanks to their proximity to other computer components is not as important as the potential of direct adjustment of components. --> Gives direct advantage of external over earlier.
D) In the consumer electronics market, factors of functionality, depending on product, but often including ease-of-use, robustness, and compatibility with other products, are considered inessential when compared to aesthetics. --> Its no where mentioned that aesthetic appeal is considered above all
E) The employees in Axioforma's product design department are the most experienced and creative in their field.--> Out of scope
The company claims because of the flooding of the market that the product will be a success as earlier product could operate only within the computer.
A) A sound processing product that would allow users to directly adjust only the input parameters would be more desirable to sound professionals than one that would allow users to directly adjust only the output parameters. ---Doesn't differentiate the external sound system's ability to adjust input and output.
B) The professional sound processor market has grown in comparison to its position at the end of the last financial year. --> If the market grew it will not help solve the idea external will be preferable.
C) The high speed at which audio information is relayed by professional sound processing boards thanks to their proximity to other computer components is not as important as the potential of direct adjustment of components. --> Gives direct advantage of external over earlier.
D) In the consumer electronics market, factors of functionality, depending on product, but often including ease-of-use, robustness, and compatibility with other products, are considered inessential when compared to aesthetics. --> Its no where mentioned that aesthetic appeal is considered above all
E) The employees in Axioforma's product design department are the most experienced and creative in their field.--> Out of scope
6
D
a) Policed stopped nine times more total people in 1992 than in previous years. >>> Doesn't discuss the issue of minority Vs. Non-minority
(b) Innocent people listed on the database are highly unlikely to be arrested for actual crimes.>>> Already discussed in the question and it also doesn't help the issue of "Innocent individuals become a permanent focus of the police because of their ethnic background."
(c) The database has been instrumental in the capture of several important criminals.>>> This fact doesn't permit to bother/not bother minorities/non-minorities..
(d) The minority population is much larger than the non-minority population.>>> Correct >>> In this case the minority actually becomes MAJORITY...and it's not partial to keep the records for majority..!!
(e) Not everyone stopped by police is entered into the database. >>> Doesn't discuss the issue of minority Vs. Non-minority
(b) Innocent people listed on the database are highly unlikely to be arrested for actual crimes.>>> Already discussed in the question and it also doesn't help the issue of "Innocent individuals become a permanent focus of the police because of their ethnic background."
(c) The database has been instrumental in the capture of several important criminals.>>> This fact doesn't permit to bother/not bother minorities/non-minorities..
(d) The minority population is much larger than the non-minority population.>>> Correct >>> In this case the minority actually becomes MAJORITY...and it's not partial to keep the records for majority..!!
(e) Not everyone stopped by police is entered into the database. >>> Doesn't discuss the issue of minority Vs. Non-minority
a) Policed stopped nine times more total people in 1992 than in previous years. - Out of scope
(b) Innocent people listed on the database are highly unlikely to be arrested for actual crimes. - The argument talks about the probing the database list of people for investigation and not for arrest - Out of scope
(c) The database has been instrumental in the capture of several important criminals. - Out of scope
(d) The minority population is much larger than the non-minority population. - Correct.
More number of people, so more number of people are stopped. - Weakens the argument
(e) Not everyone stopped by police is entered into the database. - Doesn't weaken if it is found that all of the minority population details are entered but non-minority people's details are not entered - In fact this case strengthens it. - Incorrect
(b) Innocent people listed on the database are highly unlikely to be arrested for actual crimes. - The argument talks about the probing the database list of people for investigation and not for arrest - Out of scope
(c) The database has been instrumental in the capture of several important criminals. - Out of scope
(d) The minority population is much larger than the non-minority population. - Correct.
More number of people, so more number of people are stopped. - Weakens the argument
(e) Not everyone stopped by police is entered into the database. - Doesn't weaken if it is found that all of the minority population details are entered but non-minority people's details are not entered - In fact this case strengthens it. - Incorrect
7
OA A
Premise 1: Patients will lose body fat
Premise 2: Patients will also lose lean body mass (defined as everything that isn't fat)
A: Takes into account both premises and recognizes that percentage of body fat may remain unchanged even if person loses fat. (Absolutes vs. Percentages)
B: People will lose weight if they take the drug.
C: Also a contender, but the chemicals in the drug are beyond the scope of the question...IMO
D: Exercise is never discussed and hence beyond the scope of the question
E: This is largely an assumption because what catalyzes the loss of body fat and lean muscle is never discussed and also beyond the scope of the qeusiton
Premise 2: Patients will also lose lean body mass (defined as everything that isn't fat)
A: Takes into account both premises and recognizes that percentage of body fat may remain unchanged even if person loses fat. (Absolutes vs. Percentages)
B: People will lose weight if they take the drug.
C: Also a contender, but the chemicals in the drug are beyond the scope of the question...IMO
D: Exercise is never discussed and hence beyond the scope of the question
E: This is largely an assumption because what catalyzes the loss of body fat and lean muscle is never discussed and also beyond the scope of the qeusiton
Choice (A) uses one of those wishy washy phrases that can be hard to argue with: "not necessarily." Maybe people who take the drug will decrease their percentage of body fat, maybe not. Another phrase that should set off mental alarm bells here is "overall percentage"--I'm with Gryphon here. We've all of a sudden shifted from a discussion of absolute quantities (mass) in the argument to relative quantities (percentage). Look at this concrete example:
Bob weighs 200 pounds, 20 lbs of which is body fat. Bob's mass is therefore 10% (20/200) body fat.
He takes the drug and loses 1 pound of body fat, AND
9 pounds of lean muscle mass. He has lost a total of 10 pounds, so weighs 190 pounds, 19 pounds of which are body fat. He is still 10%(19/190) body fat. This is NOT a decrease in overall percentage of body fat.
BUT what about sridar's suggestion that the word "moderate" implies that the person loses more fat than lean body mass? In real life, this might be a perfectly reasonable assumption to make-- on the GMAT, however, AVOID making assumptions unless you absolutely have to. Even if you weren't convinced, leave choice A for now and look at the others.
Choice (B) also uses "not necessarily"--but here you can disprove it clearly. If the body's mass is composed entirely of body fat and lean body mass, and both decrease, then the person's weight WILL necessarily decrease. Eliminate.
Nothing is mentioned in the argument about the chemical composition of the drug, or any kind of targeting. Just because the drug causes loss of body fat doesn't mean it targets fat cells. Maybe it targets something else and the effect on fat cells is a side effect. (Look at the runaway success of Latisse, which was a glaucoma medication that happened to grow eyelashes, and now is a blockbuster vanity drug.) Choice (C) is out.
Bob weighs 200 pounds, 20 lbs of which is body fat. Bob's mass is therefore 10% (20/200) body fat.
He takes the drug and loses 1 pound of body fat, AND
9 pounds of lean muscle mass. He has lost a total of 10 pounds, so weighs 190 pounds, 19 pounds of which are body fat. He is still 10%(19/190) body fat. This is NOT a decrease in overall percentage of body fat.
BUT what about sridar's suggestion that the word "moderate" implies that the person loses more fat than lean body mass? In real life, this might be a perfectly reasonable assumption to make-- on the GMAT, however, AVOID making assumptions unless you absolutely have to. Even if you weren't convinced, leave choice A for now and look at the others.
Choice (B) also uses "not necessarily"--but here you can disprove it clearly. If the body's mass is composed entirely of body fat and lean body mass, and both decrease, then the person's weight WILL necessarily decrease. Eliminate.
Nothing is mentioned in the argument about the chemical composition of the drug, or any kind of targeting. Just because the drug causes loss of body fat doesn't mean it targets fat cells. Maybe it targets something else and the effect on fat cells is a side effect. (Look at the runaway success of Latisse, which was a glaucoma medication that happened to grow eyelashes, and now is a blockbuster vanity drug.) Choice (C) is out.
8
OA D
In real life we are used to reading or hearing news stories in which election poll results are reported. The fact that it is news stories that carry poll results information has conditioned us to believe that the poll results are correct, true, verifiable, trustworthy, and ACCURATE.
Here is the most important point in dissecting this critical reasoning question: poll results are NOT necessarily any of those things, especially accurate. Keeping this point in mind, it is a little easier to see that answer D is a reasonable inference from the passage: public opinion polls taken during recent elections provide evidence of several such races.
Evidence of what? Well, in the first part of the passage, we learn that surprise changes take place in elections ("elections can be decided in the few days preceding the election"). If the result of an election is a surprise (an unexpected outcome), we should ask why we had a certain expectation. We had a certain expectation because of poll results. Poll results which were inaccurate.
Answer D says the following:
Polls taken in the days preceding a major election may not accurately predict the outcome of an election.
This answer can certainly be inferred from the passage.
Here is the most important point in dissecting this critical reasoning question: poll results are NOT necessarily any of those things, especially accurate. Keeping this point in mind, it is a little easier to see that answer D is a reasonable inference from the passage: public opinion polls taken during recent elections provide evidence of several such races.
Evidence of what? Well, in the first part of the passage, we learn that surprise changes take place in elections ("elections can be decided in the few days preceding the election"). If the result of an election is a surprise (an unexpected outcome), we should ask why we had a certain expectation. We had a certain expectation because of poll results. Poll results which were inaccurate.
Answer D says the following:
Polls taken in the days preceding a major election may not accurately predict the outcome of an election.
This answer can certainly be inferred from the passage.
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